Nursing Informatics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nursing Informatics - Assignment Example The Heisenberg crashes the product and requires some serious energy and exertion to troubleshoot. The Heisenberg may happen when clients use uninitialized factors. Then again, the Bohrbug is anything but difficult to distinguish and keeps up its conduct (Dodd, 2013). Clients can without much of a stretch foresee and repeat the Bohrbug by running PC programming with comparable conditions. The Mandelbug is fierce and gets from complex causes. Clients can discover the Mandelbug in the PC programming. The bug depends on booking. It is extremely testing to fix or troubleshoot this product bug (Dodd, 2013). At last, we have the Schrã ¶dinbug that identifies with Erwin Schrã ¶dinger (Dodd, 2013). The Schrã ¶dinbug shows itself as an issue in a code where the issue ought to have kept the code from working from the earliest starting point (Dodd, 2013). The product bug can make the product to work or crash when a client chooses to change the result of the issue in the code. Evidently, PC bugs disturb or glitches PC activities. The interruption of PC projects and tasks imperils the viability of nursing

Fletcher Munson Curve

This implies it requires less vitality to hear kHz frequencies Our ears are generally touchy to hearing 3. KHz as this is the reverberation recurrence of our ear trenches Range of frequencies we are touchy to are between 1 kHz and KHz (this is the recurrence extend that cell phones play out) We hear low and high frequencies inadequately The db reference bend is the most level, implying that most frequencies give off an impression of being at a similar level. This Is the reason music sounds significantly better and all the more full when played noisily around this recurrence SummaryEqual Loudness Contours show the proportion of sound weight levels comparable to various frequencies. Our ears see various frequencies of sound to be stronger or calmer than one another in any event, when played at a similar reference level of db. Hearing Damage Tinnitus (both brief and lasting) Tinnitus is a term used to depict the instance of having the option to hear sounds that are inside the individual 's body, as opposed to sounds from an outside source. It frequently causes a ringing In the ears, however different sounds that can be heard Include murmuring, humming ND whistling.Tinnitus can either be brought about by a harasser up of earwax, a mellow ear disease, or additionally regularly can be brought about by harm to the internal ear from noisy commotions (generally high frequencies). Tinnitus can be forestalled by best by maintaining a strategic distance from introduction to uproarious clamors totally, anyway this can demonstrate troublesome in a ton of situations. An increasingly practical way to deal with forestalling tinnitus incorporate lessening the time that you are presented to uproarious clamors, this should be possible by either investing less energy in sissy conditions, or by taking ordinary breaks about each half hour for ten minutes or so.Another approach to diminish the danger of getting tinnitus is by guaranteeing that you remain hydrated, as this ensures the c ourse for the blood in the inward ear is kept beaten up'. You can likewise diminish the danger of getting tinnitus by lessening the Intensity of presentation. Either cranking the volume down yourself can do this, or If you don't have control of the volume, at that point you can wear earplugs. Clamor Induced Hearing misfortune (NIL) is brought about by either extremely uproarious commotions for either a reef or delayed time.The boisterous sounds can harm delicate structures in the inward ear and can bring about battling or being not able to hear certain frequencies, or just somewhat stunning your ear(s). NIL can be forestalled in indistinguishable manners from tinnitus and most other hearing issues. In the event that you diminish the measure of time you are presented to uproarious clamors, or decrease the power of the commotion by wearing ear security, at that point you are lessening the danger of harming your ears either incidentally or forever.

Ads :: essays research papers

Smoke a great deal. Drink a greater amount of what you have been drinking and attempt some new stuff. Eat genuine bad food. Presently proceed to practice for ten minutes and soon you will be giving Arnold Swartzenegger a run for his cash. Life is acceptable when you are a person these days, particularly with regards to promoting. As of late I got a version of the most recent magazine, Maxim and subsequent to perusing, featuring, and goggling I sense that I have quite recently left a lone ranger party. Promotion battles that are coordinated toward the male species in all honesty are built exceptionally straightforward: sex, liquor, cash, and did I notice sex? These are the exceptionally fundamental foundations of the male mind. It is difficult to accept that following a million years of advancement, setting a man on the moon, and developing mile high structures the fundamental fixings to a fruitful promotion to allure men to purchase can be decreased down to sex or how to get it. The January version of MAXIM magazine (Maxim, 1999) that included the model/entertainer Shannon Elizabeth in an extremely meager top is regular of what men need to see. The main stories included, "Her mystery sex fantasy" and "100 ladies mention to you what truly turns them on!" Right. I prefer not to be a doubter yet for what reason would ladies need to mention to me what turn them on particularly after they have stayed quiet about it up until this point, in any event that is the thing that my father says. Then again this could be the new Bible for men. The article obviously is a commercial for a book that I can without much of a stretch buy for a measly $9.97 in addition to postage. The advertisement trains me this is the most recent book from Maxim's mystery vault and it is hot to the point that it ought to be illicit! Illicit? It is likewise stuffed with searing photographs that are unreasonably hot for them to appear! As I read on I am told th at I won't trust it till I see it! What's more, I should act presently to get a complimentary banner for the initial 100 requests. I pondered internally that maybe they ought to have offered a free virus shower since that what I required after I goggled at the promotion for a moment or two. This obviously is a run of the mill ploy of advertisers as per Jeffery Shrank in "Why you purchase how promotions persuade"(Shrank, 1994) in which a representation is made delineating a strategy to convince utilizing trendy expressions.

Immanual Kant Ethical Contribution Essay Example for Free

Immanual Kant Ethical Contribution Essay Conceived in Konigsberg, East Prussia in 1724, Immanuel Kant started school at the early age of eight years. He learned at the Collegium Fridiricianum, a Latin school that concentrated on elegance. Later he went to the University of Konigsberg and his significant examinations were material science, arithmetic and reasoning. Subsequent to getting his doctorate, Kant turned into an educator at the University and concentrated on reasoning. He was notable for his unconventional ways to deal with religion and strict content that numerous understudies appreciated. Anyway his extreme lessons got the attention of King Frederich William II, who banished him from any further compositions. Kant complied with the lord until after the king’s demise, Kant kept on composing and distribute his perspectives on religion. He is renowned for his deontic philosophical methodology which accepted activities were ethically right or wrong, without the respect to results. Kant contended being good was likewise being objective. Kant composed the book Critique of Pure Reason in 1781 in which he researched the restrictions of human information and the capacity to reason. Kant contended that we demonstration ethically in light of the fact that that is the thing that reason requests and he broke down the idea of reason and being normal. In 1797 Kant encouraged his compositions in the Metaphysics of Ethics, where he composes that reason is the central expert for profound quality. The European Graduate School directs â€Å"Metaphysics portrays a science worried about this request, an answer for unsolvable issues set by unadulterated explanation itself, in particular the ideas of God, opportunity and Immortality. † Kant accepted that our feeling of obligation, endorsed by reason and sanity, is viewed as good. Kant accepted that results were not significant, however the procedures wherein individuals think when they settle on their decisions. Kant contended just a single thing was characteristically acceptable, and that was positive attitude. Cooperative attitude is additionally making the best decision, carrying out one’s responsibility and regarding moral law. (LaFave 2006) This cooperative attitude is discovered distinctly in people, not material, gives us human’s respect and is our capacity of judicious good decision. (Garrett 2006) According to Kant, when we regard moral law we are accomplishing something since it causes us to feel great and we are carrying out it out of obligation, not tendencies. Kant contends we recognize what the ethical law is by utilizing Categorical Imperative. The Categorical Imperative states â€Å"Act just on those adages (or rules of activity) that you could, simultaneously, will to be all inclusive law. † (Garrett 2006) Three tests must go to for a demonstration to be viewed as good, 1) it must be managable to being made reliably all inclusive, 2) it must regard levelheaded creatures as closures in themselves; and 3) it must come from and regard the self-rule of balanced creatures. (DeGeorge p. 64) Immanuel Kant unconsciously made what is currently called Kantian way of thinking with his works and studies. In addition to the fact that he had a significant effect on writing and the expressive arts, his greatest commitment was to present day theory. Kant passed on in 1804. Works Cited DeGeorge, Richard. Business Ethics. seventh Ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2010. Print. Garret, Jan. â€Å"Kant’s Duty Ethics. † Wku. edu. Western Kentucky University, 2 October 2006. Web. 12 June 2012. â€Å"Immanuel Kant †Biography. † Eds. edu, European Graduate School, n. d. Web. 12 June 2012. LaFave, Sandra, â€Å"Kant’s Ethics. † Instruct. westvalley. edu. West Valley College, 16 August 2006. Web. 12 June 2012.

Evaluation of Financial Condition of Next Plc

Question: Talk about the Evaluation of Financial Condition of Next Plc. Answer: Presentation: The Company Next Plc is retail advertising organization in United Kingdom. The organization manages dress, shoes and adornments of ladies, men and kids. The organization had opened its first store in the year 1982. The store contains a selective assortment of garments, frill and different things for ladies. The Company Next now works in just about 40 nations over the World. The garments and embellishments of the Company are planned by their in house group that has made a quick achievement in their business (Pharoah and Walker 2015.). The examination work is to assess the exhibition of the Company in the course of the most recent couple of years. The Company has presented new highlights, for example, web based advertising and web Book for shopping in the year 1999. The Company has indicated a quick development in deals and showcasing from that point forward (Dunis et al. 2017). The benefit figures of the organization have demonstrated an upward pattern throughout the years. The fundamental contenders of the Company are Sainsbury, Tesco which likewise exchanges retail promoting. The benefit liabilities of these organizations are to be checked in this exploration to recognize the liquidity position of the business (Maynard 2013). A similar investigation of the offer costs of these organizations, benefit figures of these organizations has been considered utilizing proportion examination. Research point and target: The examination has been led the investigation to think about the budgetary situation of the organization Next Plc from 2010 to 2015. The principle point of the exploration is to think about the money related security of the Company Next Plc. The examination additionally targets delineating the criticalness and the money related strategies that can be utilized by the speculators to get information about the monetary state of the Company (Singh 2014). The exploration likewise thinks about the budgetary state of the Company with different organizations, for example, Sainsbury, Tesco Plc and others. This exploration will likewise help the investors and speculators of the Company to get a thought regarding the monetary state of the Company and to conclude whether to put resources into this Company. Research Objective: The primary goals in this exploration work are: To decide the monetary situation of the Company Next Plc. To decide how applicable are the money related method that are utilized to decide the monetary situation of the Company. To give an away from about the monetary situation of the Company that will assist the financial specialists with understanding the present circumstance of the Company. To discover some suggested measures that will annihilate the monetary issues in the Company. Research questions: The fundamental research addresses utilized for the exploration study are as per the following: What is the current monetary situation of the Company Next Plc.? What are the adjustments in the monetary state of the Company Next Plc. In the course of the most recent couple of years? How is the Company Next Plc. Performing throughout the years with respect to their monetary position? The thing can be said about the monetary steadiness of the Company Next Plc.? What is relative change in the proportion throughout the years? Foundation issues identified with the examination: The Company Next Plc. is an online retail Company that exchanges dress. The Company has begun in the year 1982. The Company presently has just about 500 stores in the nation United Kingdom and 200 stores across 40 distinct nations over the globe. The organization is one of the main retail exchanging Company United Kingdom. The Company is one of the central contenders of the Company Sainsbury and Tesco. The organization Sainsbury chiefly exchanges food and non food retail items. The Company Tesco is additionally a retail items Company that exchanges assortment of merchandise. In spite of these two Companies, the Company Next Plc. Has set up itself as one of the main organization in United Kingdom. The Financial situation of the Company, the advantages, liabilities of the Company and the offer cost of the Company should be contemplated dependent on the monetary report of the Company. The different proportions like benefit proportion, fast proportion and others has been determined that will give a thought regarding the current budgetary situation of the Company. Support for the examination: The exploration work has been directed to think about the current money related situation of the Company Next Plc. The exploration will break down the budgetary development of the Company. The examination will likewise contrast the development of the Company and its rivals. The exploration will help the speculators of the organization to take budgetary choice about putting resources into the Company. Business Discipline and scholarly zone that identify with the exploration: The money related state of the organization is being utilized in this exploration territory. The foundation study says that the organization Next Plc. has caught the retail advertise inside a limited capacity to focus time. The benefit figures of the Company have indicated an expanding pattern. The money related state of the nation is being examined in this report. The explanations behind the accomplishment of the organization have additionally been examined in this exploration work. The Company Next is a recorded Company in the London Stock Exchange. The organization is really a British worldwide attire Company that exchanges Foot3wares, frill, garments and different items. Te Company has its central command in Enderby, Leicestershire. The Company is for the most part situated in United Kingdom. In excess of 500 stores of the Company are situated in United Kingdom and Ireland. There are right around 200 stores found all over Europe just as in Asia, Europe and Middle East (Sethi, Martell and Demir 2015). The Company Next Plc has over taken the Company Marks Spencers. The early history of the Company goes back to 1864 which was established by Joseph Hepworth as a tailor. The Company has prospered its business throughout the years and utilizes very nearly 50000 representatives. The benefit of the Company has been evaluated to be 634.9 million (Munteanu 2015). The Company Next Plc has indicated a quick increment in the deals throughout the years. The budgetary report of the organization expresses that the working benefit of retail has expanded by 4.8% from the year 2015. The deals of the Company have expanded by 1.1%. The net exchanging space that is the zone of the stores has not expanded all things considered. The new states have opened at numerous spots while there is a conclusion of the old stores. The net exchanging territory for retail locations is 275000 square feet in the year 2016. The Company has an objective to build this space to 35000 square feet in the year 201. The abroad deals of the Company have additionally expanded by 6.5%. The Company has additionally propelled a cell phone application and an iPad application for its client. The iPad application gives a superior perspective on the result of the clients. With the assistance of the cell phone application the client can show signs of improvement perspective on the item. Th e pages of the application site resemble the pages of the list. The Company anyway has kept its index as a large portion of the clients of the organization are utilized to shop with the assistance of the inventory (Datta, Gopalakrishna-Remani and Bozan 2015). The Company works its business exercises through three distinct stages. The first is through the retail locations. There are just about 500 retail locations situated in United Kingdom and other European nations. There is additionally another technique for home shopping. The Company distributes a home shopping list through which the clients can do home shopping. The organization gets just about 3 million clients through this home shopping index (Maynard 2013). There additionally International stores through which the Company gets International clients. The income development of the Company has expanded from 2013 to the year 2014. The development pace of the Company Tesco has demonstrated a negative development. The Next Plc. then again has demonstrated a fast development in the marketing projections and in the benefit also (Teodor, Maria and Bogdan 2015). The Company Sainsbury is additionally a retail exchanging organization. This organization is additionally a significant contender of Next Plc. As indicated by some ongoing examination, the benefits of the basic food item mammoth Company Siansbury has declined. The deals of the Company have been diminished by 1.1% in the year 2016. The offer cost of the organization has additionally diminished by 4% in the present year. Every one of these has added to the development of the Company Next Plc. The deals of Next have likewise diminished from February to April in the year 2016. The deals of the Company have diminished by 0.9%. The Company anyway has expected that the deals of the Company will stay in the middle of a fall of 3.5% and an ascent of 3.5%. The retail part is a position of extraordinary up down in showcase patterns. The offer cost of the Company develops or tumbles to incredible degree. This makes extraordinary issues to the financial specialists of the business. For instance, the offer cost of the organization Tesco has declined by 49% while for Sainsbury; there is a diminishing of 27% in the offer cost. This money related report likewise expects to give a thought regarding the future deals of the Company Next Plc. from the earlier years marketing projections (Schmidlin 2014). The budgetary exhibition of the organization alludes to the utilization of advantages for produce the income of the Company. So as to settle on choices about the budgetary state of the organization, the proportion investigation of the organization should be done (Sethi, Martell and Demir 2015). The salary articulation o the Company should be concentrated in this regard. The arrival on value, net revenue of the organizations likewise should be contemplated. The investors value of the Company gives a thought regarding the monetary state of the Company (Coulson and OSullivan 2014). The contender companys money related condition likewise should be concentrated to get an away from about the current monetary situation of the Company. The Company Tesco is a main rival of the Company Next Plc. The investigation of the fiscal report of the two companys states that both the organizations are top recorded in the London Stock Exchange. The organization Tesco has declined in the market in the pre vious not many years. The organization income develop

Richard Neustadt's Studies Presidental Power Essay

Richard Neustadt's Studies Presidental Power - Essay Example Neustadt begins his book with a calm examination of the American Presidency. He expresses that the American individuals will in general rate a President from the second he takes office . . . we are very option to do so . . . his office has become the point of convergence of legislative issues and approach in our political framework (Neustadt, p.1). He additionally contends that we regularly make our tons of office that are far expelled from the truth (Neustadt, p.1). It is this disparity among picture and reality which is one of the most significant components of Neustadt's book. Neustadt additionally contends that while it is maybe normal to focus on the President as a solitary individual, an increasingly precise depiction would consider the administration as a foundation that incorporates 2,000 people (Neustadt, p.1). The general contention that Neustadt makes is that Presidents who lead by influence instead of depending upon Constitutional force are progressively fruitful. While t here are intricate explanations behind this, the larger explanation is that the President is inherently powerless under the US Constitution as indicated by Neustadt. In what capacity can President Clinton be seen through the crystal of Neustadt's hypothesis of the Presidency Bob Woodward's The Agenda: Inside the Clinton White House takes an exceptionally close and unsparing glance at the first hundred days of the Clinton administration. While a helpful figure, the initial 100 days likewise has authentic significance since it was inside the initial 100 days that President Roosevelt presented the significant components of the New Deal and cleared into reality an entire scope of government programs. This accomplishment is maybe an unthinkable objective for any President, yet the one unavoidably is by all accounts made. In The Agenda Woodward paints a picture of a President who was basically nave, however who by and by meant well. The possibility that Clinton should utilize influence instead of protected forces to complete his plan is seen maybe inside the astounding reality that Clinton seems to have been significantly affected by the Federal Reserve Chairman, Alan Greenspan. Albeit a lot more established, a steadfast traditionalist and had of a particular absence of moxy (and accordingly something contrary to the new President), Greenspan and Clinton really jumped on quite well and the Fed Chairman before long convinced the Democratic President of the need to make strong move so as to diminish the national deficiency. It was the financial achievement that would at last be Clinton's most remarkable accomplishment and one that depended on naturally determined powers as opposed to mystique. Clinton had endeavored to utilize charm, influence and a Democratic Congress so as to push through a thorough medicinal services plan that would have acquainted widespread inclusion with American just because. In light of an ethical assurance this was the main moral course for America, Clinton overlooked the pragmatic issues of getting the enactment through Congress when extremely ground-breaking interests (the medicinal services industry) were spread out against it. The image that Woodward paints is of a President who is frequently torn between what he needs to do ideologically and what he can do sober-mindedly. For instance, the accompanying happened during one early Cabinet meeting. The Cabinet was talking about monetary approach and the different sides of Clinton, the Liberal dreamer and the Conservative

Performance Is Key Aspect Behind The Success Or Failure Of A Firm - Free Essay Example

Performance is a key aspect behind the success or a failure of a firm or organization. The success or failure of an organization depends upon the performance of the employee. This requires that all noses are pointing in the same direction, as every person in the organization contributes to the company objectives via his or her activities (Flapper, 1995). However, there are a lot of factors that affect the performance among the employee in a firm or organization. The hierarchical system inside the company has always been a source of parent-child dynamism. Employees have developed a considerable amount of dissatisfaction due to this parent-child dynamism. Since, people may not function properly and learn well under the atmosphere permeated with judgment; it has been a painstaking job these days for managers to find ways for better performance in a firm or organization. A newer and better managerial tool should be developed and implemented because under a hierarchal system, someone may feel dominated. Hence to motivate the employee is very crucial to get the job done inside an organization. Hence a deep understanding of performance management process inside a company or organization is one of the utmost concerns of this research. Since TESCO is Britains leading retailer, is one of the top three retailers in the world, and is very conven ient to the researcher in terms of feasibility, availability, practicality and locality; the researcher has chosen TESCO as a target research area. Purpose/Aims/Rationale/Research Questions My objectives are twofold. First I shall investigate the factors that are responsible for performance of employee in TESCO. In doing so, it is assumed that the most important factor that effects the performance is TESCO shall also be investigated. Secondly, I shall investigate how performance is controlled and monitored in TESCO. Although there are a lot of theoretical basis for performance management, where different kinds of researches have done in different organizations, there are very few researches done in TESCO. Since, TESCO is a well established retailer that provided thousands of jobs every year, research of TESCO could play a vital role to uncover important insights about performance management. Research questions What are the factors that affect the performance of employee in TESCO? What is the most influential factor that affects the performance of employee in TESCO? How is the performance of employee controlled and monitored in TESCO? Hypotheses H0 : Motivation effects the performance. H1: H0 is not true. H0: Effective Communication has a positive relationship with performance H1: H0 is not true. Review of Literature Performance depends on education, training and experience as it could be slow and a lengthy process. However, motivation can be improved quickly. Below listed are some steps for motivation. Positive reinforcement/ high expectations Effective discipline and punishment Treating people fairly Satisfying employee needs Setting work related goals Restructuring jobs Base rewards on job performance The success and continuity of an organization depend on its performance, which may be defined as the way the organization carries its objectives into effect. This requires that all noses are pointing in the same direction, as every person in the organization contributes to the company objectives via his or her activities. A good manager keeps track of the performance of the system he or she is responsible for by means of performance measurement (PM). His/her staff carrying responsibility for certain activities within the system, need PM to see how well they are performin g their tasks. This also holds for the employees actually executing the various process steps. So performance indicators (PIs) are important for everyone inside an organization, as they tell what has to be measured and what are the control limits the actual performance should be within (Flapper et al, 1995) What you measure is what you get. Senior executives understand that their organizations measurement system strongly affects the behaviour of managers and employees. Executives also understand that traditional financial accounting measures like return-on-investment and earnings-per-share can give misleading signals for continuous improvement and innovation-activities todays competitive environment (Norton Kaplan, 1992). 3.1 Theories of Motivation There is an old saying that you can take a horse to water but you cannot force it to drink, it will drink only if it is thirsty. It will only drink water if it is thirst or in other words if it is motivated to drink. Whether working in a simple restaurant or in a extremely competitive business market, they must be motivated or driven to it. Performance is understood as a function of ability and motivation. Job performance= ÃÆ'† Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (ability) (motivation) 3.1.1 Definition of Motivation A motive is a reason for doing something. Motivation is concerned with the factors that motivate people to behave in certain ways (Armstrong, 1999: pp-22). Motivation is incidental to or defined by goal directed behavior (Locke Et al, 1995). It means that motivation is concerned with strength and direction of that behavior. In other words it means that motivation takes place when people expect that an action is probable to lead to an achievement of a goal and a valued reward and will satisfy their needs and desires. Well-motivated people are therefore those with clearly defined goals who take action which they expect will achieve those goals (Armstrong, 1999: pp-22). It is undoubtedly clear that motivation affects the performance. Hence, motivation among the employee is a very crucial driving factor in a firm or an organization. The process of motivation The process of motivation can be modelled as shown in the figure below. This model is grounded on the needs of a particular person where it shows that motivation is a result of conscious of unconscious recognition of unsatisfied needs. Needs create wants, which means desire(s) to get goods or obtain something. 2. Establish Goal 1. Need 3. Take action Attain Goal (Fig 1.1 Source: Armstrong, 1993) Goals are then established which will satisfy these needs and then a action is taken in the expectation that the action will facilitation the achievement of the particular goal imagined/setup by him/her. If the goal is achieved, then the need shall be satisfied and the behavior will repeat next time when same kind of need emerges and if the goal is not achieved then the behavior or action is less likely to be repeated. This model illustrates the motivation process from a individualistic perspective. It is based on the motivational theories related to needs (achievements), goals, equity, behaviour modelling (reactance) and expectancy. It is also influenced by three concepts relating to motivation and behaviour: reinforcement (Hull, 1951), homeostasis, intrinsic and extrinsic theories. This model can be used to illustrate a process of motivation which involves setting of corporate goals that will likely be able to meet the individual and ultimately organizational needs and wants and encourage the behaviour required to achieve those goals. 3.3 Theory of Performance A generalized theory of performance does not exist. However, there are theories of performance built on specific disciplines of studies such economics, psychology etc. Organizational behaviour describes as the criterion problem. We might want to extend it to the study of HRM. Performance management is a concept that has been spreading in developing countries relative to developed countries. There are various ways of understanding PM, from different aspects like theoretical, practical etc. However most of them agree that PM is a process of optimal management and allocation of resources that will help in achieving a common goal in an organization. (Edis, 1995) argues that PM is a management process which people and their jobs to strategy and objectives of the organization. On the other hand Slater et al (1998) argue that PM is a value adding process of organizational performance. PM is defined within private sector as systematic and data oriented approach to manage peoples behaviour at work that relies of positive reinforcement as a major as a major way of optimising performance. Who are the real stake holders of performance and is performance same as outcomes? Generally performance can be seen as a company dominated criterion but outcome can be seen in a much broader sense and depends on a lot factors. These factors can be for example, environmental issues, job satisfaction, contribution towards the community or society etc. In an organizationally determined performance criterion, there might be a risk that some of these factors are ignored. PM is also defined as an integrated set of planning and review procedures, which cascades down through the organisation to provide a link between each individual and the overall strategy of the organisation (Rogers, 1994). (NAHT, 1991) describes PM as a mix of managerial strategies and techniques via which jobholders have better understanding about what the organization is trying to achieve; understand what is expect ed from their job and are provided with regular feedback on how they have been doing and have a continuous support from their managers and have an opportunity to understand, and judge their performance. PM is not just appraisal; neither is it just incentives and financial rewards. PM is a much broader concept. Performance appraisal could play a vital role in performance management but it is a part of an integrative approach, incorporating process, attitudes and behaviours that will ultimately produce effective and coherent strategies for raising levels of effective individual performance. 4. Research Methodology 4.1 Research Philosophy Different research philosophies have been seen in earlier research. In business researches broadly two different research philosophies have been classified, positivism and interpretivism. The two paradigms differ from each other in the way they answer the following questions (Figueirido Cunha, 2007). a) The ontological question enquires about what can be known; b) The epistemological question looks into what is knowledge and what knowledge can we get; c) The methodological question enquires about how we can build on that knowledge; d) The ethical question asks what is the worth, or value, of the knowledge we build. Orlikowski and Baroundi (1991 p.5) described the differences between what is traditionally viewed as positivist or interpretive as follows: Positivist studies are premised on the existence of a priori fixed relationship within phenomena which are typically investigated with structured instrumentation [ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦]positivist studies are characterized by evidence of formal propositions, quantifiable measures of variables, hypotheses testing, and the drawing of inferences about a phenomenon from the sample to a stated population [ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦] interpretative studies assume that people create and associate their own subjective and intersubjective meanings as they interact with the world around them. Interpretative researchers thus attempt to understand phenomena through accessing the meanings that participants assign to them [ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦] reject the possibility of an objective or factual account of events and situations, seeking instead a relativistic, albeit shared, understanding of phenomena Positivistic and interpretative research philosophies are so different to each other that they are almost mutually exclusive to each other in terms of Assumptions, roles of researcher and the characteristics . According to a positivistic approach the researcher is outside the gla ss and the research occurs behind the glass where the researcher observes the phenomenon without interfering it. However, the case is quite different in interpretivism which generally acknowledges the researches participation and interaction with the subject and attempt to reflect their bias as integrals to insights derived (DeLuca et al 2008) The research we are trying to undertake requires an interaction of the researcher with the subject as it requires observation of a social phenomenon. Interpretive research can help researchers to understand human thought and action in social and organizational contexts; it has the potential to produce deep insights into information systems phenomena including the management of information systems and information systems development (Klein and Myers 1999 p.67). 4.2 Approach of the study The exploratory nature of the problem makes the researcher to follow case study method. Although survey research has been very popular among the social science researchers, this kind of research may not provide a deep insight about a phenomenon. Field studies and interviews during case studies can provide richer data that that cannot be achieved via survey research method and can measure the casual effects more closely (Abrahamson, 1983). Although the research sounds more qualitative, considerations shall also be given to validity and reliability of the data. To be clear, the current research study is qualitative in nature but it shall follow both qualitative frameworks in data analysis. Data triangulation could serve as a medium to validate the data. Primary data shall be collected through questionnaires and interviews and secondary data can be collected through documentations, and other source of information, especially internet. 4.3 Qualitative and Quantitative research approach Qualitative research explores attitudes, behaviour and experiences through different methods such as interviews or focus groups. It attempts to get in-depth opinion from the participants. Since it is about attitude, behaviour or experiences, the sample size is relatively low in this kind of research. Since the research topic is also about behavioural studies, qualitative research can be quite useful in addressing the research problem. Quantitative research generates statistics through the use of large scale survey research, using tools like questionnaire or interviews (structured). This type of research involves a large number of samples, hence is believed to be highly reliable. However, this research method has been blamed to have less contact with the participants, hence less engagements, and hence shallow data, in comparison to qualitative method which is believed to draw deeper inferences. 4.4 Research tools Case study shall be done in a TESCO store to understand the performance management process in that particular organization. Semi structured Interviews along with questionnaires shall be the research tools, those of which will provide both qualitative and quantitative data. Secondary data shall also be collected via mediums like internet. Making an enquiry to learn a lesson from the expertise that practices it requires a closer integration with subject of analysis for some amount of time. Under such conditions, survey research is believed to more effective in comparison to other qualitative research methods (See Holloway, 1997). 4.5 Definition of Case study Meriam (1998) defines case study as an entity which is studied as a single unit and has clear boundaries; it is an investigation of a system, an event, a process or a programme. However the definition of case study has changed with time and disciplines of studies. It is used in varieties of qualitative and quantitative research; however in this research it describes the qualitative study. Case studies differ from other qualitative approaches because of its three distinct characteristics; specificity, boundedness and multiplicity (Holloway, Ibid, Yin Opt cited). Yin argues that an empirical inquiry is preferred when the subject is to be studied is a contemporary phenomenon with a real life situation, when boundaries between phenomenon and content are not clearly evident, and in which multiple source of evidence is used. 4.6 Why survey within a case study approach? Like in other qualitative research, a case study can just function as exploring the phenomenon in a specific context. A single case study may not always be generalizable; it is just a step towards generalization. It is wise to use number of steps towards generalization. It has been seen that researchers use number of sources in their data collection for example observation, documents and interviews etc, so that the study can be brighter and can gain a maximum validity. Observation and documentary research are the most common strategies that are used in case study research (Holloway, op.cit). However, when the purpose of the study is to understand the context of a contemporary phenomenon and extract lessons, a case study research approach can be an invaluable exploratory device (Gill and Johnson, 1997). According to Preece (1994), and Sharp Howard (1996), a case study is a complex research activity, which may combine a number of general research instruments, such as interviews, obs ervations, discussions, questionnaires, focus groups etc. 4.7 Maintenance of validity and Reliability Reliability and validity are tools of an essentially positivist epistemology. (Watling, as cited in Winter, 200, p. 7). Joppe (2000) defines reliability as: ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦The extent to which results are consistent over time and an accurate representation of the total population under study is referred to as reliability and if the results of a study can be reproduced under a similar methodology, then the research instrument is considered to be reliable. (p. 1) Joppe (2000) provides the following explanation of what validity is in quantitative research: Validity determines whether the research truly measures that which it was intended to measure or how truthful the research results are. In other words, does the research instrument allow you to hit the bulls eye of your research object? Researchers generally determine validity by asking a series of questions, and will often look for the answers in the research of others. (p. 1) The qualitative data is always in a risk of lacking validity and reliability because of its relatively smaller sample size. Hence a proper consideration should be given about how to maintain validity and reliability of a research. An invalid or unreliable research study is not of any real importance. If the validity or trustworthiness can be maximized or tested then more credible and defensible result (Johnson, 1997, p. 283) may lead to generalizability which is one of the concepts suggested by Stenbacka (2001) as the structure for both doing and documenting high quality qualitative research. Hence the quality of a research depends on generalizability and thereby trustfulness and validity of the research. Maxwell (1992) on the other hand believes that the degree to which an account is generalizable is a key factor of distinguishing qualitative and quantitative research approaches. Hence, in this sense validity in qualitative method is very specific to a test to which it is applied in qualitative research, which is Triangulation. 4.7.1 Triangulation Triangulation is typically a strategy (test) for improving the validity and reliability of research or evaluation of findings. Mathison (1988) elaborates this by saying: Triangulation has risen an important methodological issue in naturalistic and qualitative approaches to evaluation [in order to] control bias and establishing valid propositions because traditional scientific techniques are incompatible with this alternate epistemology. (p. 13) Patton (2000) argues that triangulation strengthens a study by combining methods. This can mean using several kinds of methods or data, including using both quantitative and qualitative approaches (p. 247). However there are some serious attacks on triangulation (See Barbour, 1998). She argues while mixing paradigms can be possible but mixing methods within one paradigm, such as qualitative research, is problematic since each method within the qualitative paradigm has its own assumption in terms of theoretical frameworks we bring to be ar on our research (p. 353). One of the paradigm of social research is constructivism, which views knowledge as a social process and may change within the change in circumstances. Crotty (1998) has defined constructivism from social perspective that the view that all knowledge, and therefore all meaningful reality as such, is contingent upon human practices, being constructed in and out of interaction between human beings and their world, and developed and transmitted within an essentially social context (p. 42). In any qualitative research, the aim is to engage in research that probes for deeper understanding rather than examining surface features (Johnson, 1995, p. 4) and constructivism may facilitate toward that aim. The constructivist notion, that reality is changing whether the observer wishes it or not (Hipps, 1993), is an indication of multiple or possibly diverse constructions of reality. Constructivism values the multiple realities that people have inside their mind. Hen ce different kinds of methods should be used to uncover those realities and validating the research process in such a constructive environment is highly important.