Nursing Informatics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nursing Informatics - Assignment Example The Heisenberg crashes the product and requires some serious energy and exertion to troubleshoot. The Heisenberg may happen when clients use uninitialized factors. Then again, the Bohrbug is anything but difficult to distinguish and keeps up its conduct (Dodd, 2013). Clients can without much of a stretch foresee and repeat the Bohrbug by running PC programming with comparable conditions. The Mandelbug is fierce and gets from complex causes. Clients can discover the Mandelbug in the PC programming. The bug depends on booking. It is extremely testing to fix or troubleshoot this product bug (Dodd, 2013). At last, we have the Schrã ¶dinbug that identifies with Erwin Schrã ¶dinger (Dodd, 2013). The Schrã ¶dinbug shows itself as an issue in a code where the issue ought to have kept the code from working from the earliest starting point (Dodd, 2013). The product bug can make the product to work or crash when a client chooses to change the result of the issue in the code. Evidently, PC bugs disturb or glitches PC activities. The interruption of PC projects and tasks imperils the viability of nursing

Fletcher Munson Curve

This implies it requires less vitality to hear kHz frequencies Our ears are generally touchy to hearing 3. KHz as this is the reverberation recurrence of our ear trenches Range of frequencies we are touchy to are between 1 kHz and KHz (this is the recurrence extend that cell phones play out) We hear low and high frequencies inadequately The db reference bend is the most level, implying that most frequencies give off an impression of being at a similar level. This Is the reason music sounds significantly better and all the more full when played noisily around this recurrence SummaryEqual Loudness Contours show the proportion of sound weight levels comparable to various frequencies. Our ears see various frequencies of sound to be stronger or calmer than one another in any event, when played at a similar reference level of db. Hearing Damage Tinnitus (both brief and lasting) Tinnitus is a term used to depict the instance of having the option to hear sounds that are inside the individual 's body, as opposed to sounds from an outside source. It frequently causes a ringing In the ears, however different sounds that can be heard Include murmuring, humming ND whistling.Tinnitus can either be brought about by a harasser up of earwax, a mellow ear disease, or additionally regularly can be brought about by harm to the internal ear from noisy commotions (generally high frequencies). Tinnitus can be forestalled by best by maintaining a strategic distance from introduction to uproarious clamors totally, anyway this can demonstrate troublesome in a ton of situations. An increasingly practical way to deal with forestalling tinnitus incorporate lessening the time that you are presented to uproarious clamors, this should be possible by either investing less energy in sissy conditions, or by taking ordinary breaks about each half hour for ten minutes or so.Another approach to diminish the danger of getting tinnitus is by guaranteeing that you remain hydrated, as this ensures the c ourse for the blood in the inward ear is kept beaten up'. You can likewise diminish the danger of getting tinnitus by lessening the Intensity of presentation. Either cranking the volume down yourself can do this, or If you don't have control of the volume, at that point you can wear earplugs. Clamor Induced Hearing misfortune (NIL) is brought about by either extremely uproarious commotions for either a reef or delayed time.The boisterous sounds can harm delicate structures in the inward ear and can bring about battling or being not able to hear certain frequencies, or just somewhat stunning your ear(s). NIL can be forestalled in indistinguishable manners from tinnitus and most other hearing issues. In the event that you diminish the measure of time you are presented to uproarious clamors, or decrease the power of the commotion by wearing ear security, at that point you are lessening the danger of harming your ears either incidentally or forever.

Ads :: essays research papers

Smoke a great deal. Drink a greater amount of what you have been drinking and attempt some new stuff. Eat genuine bad food. Presently proceed to practice for ten minutes and soon you will be giving Arnold Swartzenegger a run for his cash. Life is acceptable when you are a person these days, particularly with regards to promoting. As of late I got a version of the most recent magazine, Maxim and subsequent to perusing, featuring, and goggling I sense that I have quite recently left a lone ranger party. Promotion battles that are coordinated toward the male species in all honesty are built exceptionally straightforward: sex, liquor, cash, and did I notice sex? These are the exceptionally fundamental foundations of the male mind. It is difficult to accept that following a million years of advancement, setting a man on the moon, and developing mile high structures the fundamental fixings to a fruitful promotion to allure men to purchase can be decreased down to sex or how to get it. The January version of MAXIM magazine (Maxim, 1999) that included the model/entertainer Shannon Elizabeth in an extremely meager top is regular of what men need to see. The main stories included, "Her mystery sex fantasy" and "100 ladies mention to you what truly turns them on!" Right. I prefer not to be a doubter yet for what reason would ladies need to mention to me what turn them on particularly after they have stayed quiet about it up until this point, in any event that is the thing that my father says. Then again this could be the new Bible for men. The article obviously is a commercial for a book that I can without much of a stretch buy for a measly $9.97 in addition to postage. The advertisement trains me this is the most recent book from Maxim's mystery vault and it is hot to the point that it ought to be illicit! Illicit? It is likewise stuffed with searing photographs that are unreasonably hot for them to appear! As I read on I am told th at I won't trust it till I see it! What's more, I should act presently to get a complimentary banner for the initial 100 requests. I pondered internally that maybe they ought to have offered a free virus shower since that what I required after I goggled at the promotion for a moment or two. This obviously is a run of the mill ploy of advertisers as per Jeffery Shrank in "Why you purchase how promotions persuade"(Shrank, 1994) in which a representation is made delineating a strategy to convince utilizing trendy expressions.

Immanual Kant Ethical Contribution Essay Example for Free

Immanual Kant Ethical Contribution Essay Conceived in Konigsberg, East Prussia in 1724, Immanuel Kant started school at the early age of eight years. He learned at the Collegium Fridiricianum, a Latin school that concentrated on elegance. Later he went to the University of Konigsberg and his significant examinations were material science, arithmetic and reasoning. Subsequent to getting his doctorate, Kant turned into an educator at the University and concentrated on reasoning. He was notable for his unconventional ways to deal with religion and strict content that numerous understudies appreciated. Anyway his extreme lessons got the attention of King Frederich William II, who banished him from any further compositions. Kant complied with the lord until after the king’s demise, Kant kept on composing and distribute his perspectives on religion. He is renowned for his deontic philosophical methodology which accepted activities were ethically right or wrong, without the respect to results. Kant contended being good was likewise being objective. Kant composed the book Critique of Pure Reason in 1781 in which he researched the restrictions of human information and the capacity to reason. Kant contended that we demonstration ethically in light of the fact that that is the thing that reason requests and he broke down the idea of reason and being normal. In 1797 Kant encouraged his compositions in the Metaphysics of Ethics, where he composes that reason is the central expert for profound quality. The European Graduate School directs â€Å"Metaphysics portrays a science worried about this request, an answer for unsolvable issues set by unadulterated explanation itself, in particular the ideas of God, opportunity and Immortality. † Kant accepted that our feeling of obligation, endorsed by reason and sanity, is viewed as good. Kant accepted that results were not significant, however the procedures wherein individuals think when they settle on their decisions. Kant contended just a single thing was characteristically acceptable, and that was positive attitude. Cooperative attitude is additionally making the best decision, carrying out one’s responsibility and regarding moral law. (LaFave 2006) This cooperative attitude is discovered distinctly in people, not material, gives us human’s respect and is our capacity of judicious good decision. (Garrett 2006) According to Kant, when we regard moral law we are accomplishing something since it causes us to feel great and we are carrying out it out of obligation, not tendencies. Kant contends we recognize what the ethical law is by utilizing Categorical Imperative. The Categorical Imperative states â€Å"Act just on those adages (or rules of activity) that you could, simultaneously, will to be all inclusive law. † (Garrett 2006) Three tests must go to for a demonstration to be viewed as good, 1) it must be managable to being made reliably all inclusive, 2) it must regard levelheaded creatures as closures in themselves; and 3) it must come from and regard the self-rule of balanced creatures. (DeGeorge p. 64) Immanuel Kant unconsciously made what is currently called Kantian way of thinking with his works and studies. In addition to the fact that he had a significant effect on writing and the expressive arts, his greatest commitment was to present day theory. Kant passed on in 1804. Works Cited DeGeorge, Richard. Business Ethics. seventh Ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2010. Print. Garret, Jan. â€Å"Kant’s Duty Ethics. † Wku. edu. Western Kentucky University, 2 October 2006. Web. 12 June 2012. â€Å"Immanuel Kant †Biography. † Eds. edu, European Graduate School, n. d. Web. 12 June 2012. LaFave, Sandra, â€Å"Kant’s Ethics. † Instruct. westvalley. edu. West Valley College, 16 August 2006. Web. 12 June 2012.

Evaluation of Financial Condition of Next Plc

Question: Talk about the Evaluation of Financial Condition of Next Plc. Answer: Presentation: The Company Next Plc is retail advertising organization in United Kingdom. The organization manages dress, shoes and adornments of ladies, men and kids. The organization had opened its first store in the year 1982. The store contains a selective assortment of garments, frill and different things for ladies. The Company Next now works in just about 40 nations over the World. The garments and embellishments of the Company are planned by their in house group that has made a quick achievement in their business (Pharoah and Walker 2015.). The examination work is to assess the exhibition of the Company in the course of the most recent couple of years. The Company has presented new highlights, for example, web based advertising and web Book for shopping in the year 1999. The Company has indicated a quick development in deals and showcasing from that point forward (Dunis et al. 2017). The benefit figures of the organization have demonstrated an upward pattern throughout the years. The fundamental contenders of the Company are Sainsbury, Tesco which likewise exchanges retail promoting. The benefit liabilities of these organizations are to be checked in this exploration to recognize the liquidity position of the business (Maynard 2013). A similar investigation of the offer costs of these organizations, benefit figures of these organizations has been considered utilizing proportion examination. Research point and target: The examination has been led the investigation to think about the budgetary situation of the organization Next Plc from 2010 to 2015. The principle point of the exploration is to think about the money related security of the Company Next Plc. The examination additionally targets delineating the criticalness and the money related strategies that can be utilized by the speculators to get information about the monetary state of the Company (Singh 2014). The exploration likewise thinks about the budgetary state of the Company with different organizations, for example, Sainsbury, Tesco Plc and others. This exploration will likewise help the investors and speculators of the Company to get a thought regarding the monetary state of the Company and to conclude whether to put resources into this Company. Research Objective: The primary goals in this exploration work are: To decide the monetary situation of the Company Next Plc. To decide how applicable are the money related method that are utilized to decide the monetary situation of the Company. To give an away from about the monetary situation of the Company that will assist the financial specialists with understanding the present circumstance of the Company. To discover some suggested measures that will annihilate the monetary issues in the Company. Research questions: The fundamental research addresses utilized for the exploration study are as per the following: What is the current monetary situation of the Company Next Plc.? What are the adjustments in the monetary state of the Company Next Plc. In the course of the most recent couple of years? How is the Company Next Plc. Performing throughout the years with respect to their monetary position? The thing can be said about the monetary steadiness of the Company Next Plc.? What is relative change in the proportion throughout the years? Foundation issues identified with the examination: The Company Next Plc. is an online retail Company that exchanges dress. The Company has begun in the year 1982. The Company presently has just about 500 stores in the nation United Kingdom and 200 stores across 40 distinct nations over the globe. The organization is one of the main retail exchanging Company United Kingdom. The Company is one of the central contenders of the Company Sainsbury and Tesco. The organization Sainsbury chiefly exchanges food and non food retail items. The Company Tesco is additionally a retail items Company that exchanges assortment of merchandise. In spite of these two Companies, the Company Next Plc. Has set up itself as one of the main organization in United Kingdom. The Financial situation of the Company, the advantages, liabilities of the Company and the offer cost of the Company should be contemplated dependent on the monetary report of the Company. The different proportions like benefit proportion, fast proportion and others has been determined that will give a thought regarding the current budgetary situation of the Company. Support for the examination: The exploration work has been directed to think about the current money related situation of the Company Next Plc. The exploration will break down the budgetary development of the Company. The examination will likewise contrast the development of the Company and its rivals. The exploration will help the speculators of the organization to take budgetary choice about putting resources into the Company. Business Discipline and scholarly zone that identify with the exploration: The money related state of the organization is being utilized in this exploration territory. The foundation study says that the organization Next Plc. has caught the retail advertise inside a limited capacity to focus time. The benefit figures of the Company have indicated an expanding pattern. The money related state of the nation is being examined in this report. The explanations behind the accomplishment of the organization have additionally been examined in this exploration work. The Company Next is a recorded Company in the London Stock Exchange. The organization is really a British worldwide attire Company that exchanges Foot3wares, frill, garments and different items. Te Company has its central command in Enderby, Leicestershire. The Company is for the most part situated in United Kingdom. In excess of 500 stores of the Company are situated in United Kingdom and Ireland. There are right around 200 stores found all over Europe just as in Asia, Europe and Middle East (Sethi, Martell and Demir 2015). The Company Next Plc has over taken the Company Marks Spencers. The early history of the Company goes back to 1864 which was established by Joseph Hepworth as a tailor. The Company has prospered its business throughout the years and utilizes very nearly 50000 representatives. The benefit of the Company has been evaluated to be 634.9 million (Munteanu 2015). The Company Next Plc has indicated a quick increment in the deals throughout the years. The budgetary report of the organization expresses that the working benefit of retail has expanded by 4.8% from the year 2015. The deals of the Company have expanded by 1.1%. The net exchanging space that is the zone of the stores has not expanded all things considered. The new states have opened at numerous spots while there is a conclusion of the old stores. The net exchanging territory for retail locations is 275000 square feet in the year 2016. The Company has an objective to build this space to 35000 square feet in the year 201. The abroad deals of the Company have additionally expanded by 6.5%. The Company has additionally propelled a cell phone application and an iPad application for its client. The iPad application gives a superior perspective on the result of the clients. With the assistance of the cell phone application the client can show signs of improvement perspective on the item. Th e pages of the application site resemble the pages of the list. The Company anyway has kept its index as a large portion of the clients of the organization are utilized to shop with the assistance of the inventory (Datta, Gopalakrishna-Remani and Bozan 2015). The Company works its business exercises through three distinct stages. The first is through the retail locations. There are just about 500 retail locations situated in United Kingdom and other European nations. There is additionally another technique for home shopping. The Company distributes a home shopping list through which the clients can do home shopping. The organization gets just about 3 million clients through this home shopping index (Maynard 2013). There additionally International stores through which the Company gets International clients. The income development of the Company has expanded from 2013 to the year 2014. The development pace of the Company Tesco has demonstrated a negative development. The Next Plc. then again has demonstrated a fast development in the marketing projections and in the benefit also (Teodor, Maria and Bogdan 2015). The Company Sainsbury is additionally a retail exchanging organization. This organization is additionally a significant contender of Next Plc. As indicated by some ongoing examination, the benefits of the basic food item mammoth Company Siansbury has declined. The deals of the Company have been diminished by 1.1% in the year 2016. The offer cost of the organization has additionally diminished by 4% in the present year. Every one of these has added to the development of the Company Next Plc. The deals of Next have likewise diminished from February to April in the year 2016. The deals of the Company have diminished by 0.9%. The Company anyway has expected that the deals of the Company will stay in the middle of a fall of 3.5% and an ascent of 3.5%. The retail part is a position of extraordinary up down in showcase patterns. The offer cost of the Company develops or tumbles to incredible degree. This makes extraordinary issues to the financial specialists of the business. For instance, the offer cost of the organization Tesco has declined by 49% while for Sainsbury; there is a diminishing of 27% in the offer cost. This money related report likewise expects to give a thought regarding the future deals of the Company Next Plc. from the earlier years marketing projections (Schmidlin 2014). The budgetary exhibition of the organization alludes to the utilization of advantages for produce the income of the Company. So as to settle on choices about the budgetary state of the organization, the proportion investigation of the organization should be done (Sethi, Martell and Demir 2015). The salary articulation o the Company should be concentrated in this regard. The arrival on value, net revenue of the organizations likewise should be contemplated. The investors value of the Company gives a thought regarding the monetary state of the Company (Coulson and OSullivan 2014). The contender companys money related condition likewise should be concentrated to get an away from about the current monetary situation of the Company. The Company Tesco is a main rival of the Company Next Plc. The investigation of the fiscal report of the two companys states that both the organizations are top recorded in the London Stock Exchange. The organization Tesco has declined in the market in the pre vious not many years. The organization income develop

Richard Neustadt's Studies Presidental Power Essay

Richard Neustadt's Studies Presidental Power - Essay Example Neustadt begins his book with a calm examination of the American Presidency. He expresses that the American individuals will in general rate a President from the second he takes office . . . we are very option to do so . . . his office has become the point of convergence of legislative issues and approach in our political framework (Neustadt, p.1). He additionally contends that we regularly make our tons of office that are far expelled from the truth (Neustadt, p.1). It is this disparity among picture and reality which is one of the most significant components of Neustadt's book. Neustadt additionally contends that while it is maybe normal to focus on the President as a solitary individual, an increasingly precise depiction would consider the administration as a foundation that incorporates 2,000 people (Neustadt, p.1). The general contention that Neustadt makes is that Presidents who lead by influence instead of depending upon Constitutional force are progressively fruitful. While t here are intricate explanations behind this, the larger explanation is that the President is inherently powerless under the US Constitution as indicated by Neustadt. In what capacity can President Clinton be seen through the crystal of Neustadt's hypothesis of the Presidency Bob Woodward's The Agenda: Inside the Clinton White House takes an exceptionally close and unsparing glance at the first hundred days of the Clinton administration. While a helpful figure, the initial 100 days likewise has authentic significance since it was inside the initial 100 days that President Roosevelt presented the significant components of the New Deal and cleared into reality an entire scope of government programs. This accomplishment is maybe an unthinkable objective for any President, yet the one unavoidably is by all accounts made. In The Agenda Woodward paints a picture of a President who was basically nave, however who by and by meant well. The possibility that Clinton should utilize influence instead of protected forces to complete his plan is seen maybe inside the astounding reality that Clinton seems to have been significantly affected by the Federal Reserve Chairman, Alan Greenspan. Albeit a lot more established, a steadfast traditionalist and had of a particular absence of moxy (and accordingly something contrary to the new President), Greenspan and Clinton really jumped on quite well and the Fed Chairman before long convinced the Democratic President of the need to make strong move so as to diminish the national deficiency. It was the financial achievement that would at last be Clinton's most remarkable accomplishment and one that depended on naturally determined powers as opposed to mystique. Clinton had endeavored to utilize charm, influence and a Democratic Congress so as to push through a thorough medicinal services plan that would have acquainted widespread inclusion with American just because. In light of an ethical assurance this was the main moral course for America, Clinton overlooked the pragmatic issues of getting the enactment through Congress when extremely ground-breaking interests (the medicinal services industry) were spread out against it. The image that Woodward paints is of a President who is frequently torn between what he needs to do ideologically and what he can do sober-mindedly. For instance, the accompanying happened during one early Cabinet meeting. The Cabinet was talking about monetary approach and the different sides of Clinton, the Liberal dreamer and the Conservative

Performance Is Key Aspect Behind The Success Or Failure Of A Firm - Free Essay Example

Performance is a key aspect behind the success or a failure of a firm or organization. The success or failure of an organization depends upon the performance of the employee. This requires that all noses are pointing in the same direction, as every person in the organization contributes to the company objectives via his or her activities (Flapper, 1995). However, there are a lot of factors that affect the performance among the employee in a firm or organization. The hierarchical system inside the company has always been a source of parent-child dynamism. Employees have developed a considerable amount of dissatisfaction due to this parent-child dynamism. Since, people may not function properly and learn well under the atmosphere permeated with judgment; it has been a painstaking job these days for managers to find ways for better performance in a firm or organization. A newer and better managerial tool should be developed and implemented because under a hierarchal system, someone may feel dominated. Hence to motivate the employee is very crucial to get the job done inside an organization. Hence a deep understanding of performance management process inside a company or organization is one of the utmost concerns of this research. Since TESCO is Britains leading retailer, is one of the top three retailers in the world, and is very conven ient to the researcher in terms of feasibility, availability, practicality and locality; the researcher has chosen TESCO as a target research area. Purpose/Aims/Rationale/Research Questions My objectives are twofold. First I shall investigate the factors that are responsible for performance of employee in TESCO. In doing so, it is assumed that the most important factor that effects the performance is TESCO shall also be investigated. Secondly, I shall investigate how performance is controlled and monitored in TESCO. Although there are a lot of theoretical basis for performance management, where different kinds of researches have done in different organizations, there are very few researches done in TESCO. Since, TESCO is a well established retailer that provided thousands of jobs every year, research of TESCO could play a vital role to uncover important insights about performance management. Research questions What are the factors that affect the performance of employee in TESCO? What is the most influential factor that affects the performance of employee in TESCO? How is the performance of employee controlled and monitored in TESCO? Hypotheses H0 : Motivation effects the performance. H1: H0 is not true. H0: Effective Communication has a positive relationship with performance H1: H0 is not true. Review of Literature Performance depends on education, training and experience as it could be slow and a lengthy process. However, motivation can be improved quickly. Below listed are some steps for motivation. Positive reinforcement/ high expectations Effective discipline and punishment Treating people fairly Satisfying employee needs Setting work related goals Restructuring jobs Base rewards on job performance The success and continuity of an organization depend on its performance, which may be defined as the way the organization carries its objectives into effect. This requires that all noses are pointing in the same direction, as every person in the organization contributes to the company objectives via his or her activities. A good manager keeps track of the performance of the system he or she is responsible for by means of performance measurement (PM). His/her staff carrying responsibility for certain activities within the system, need PM to see how well they are performin g their tasks. This also holds for the employees actually executing the various process steps. So performance indicators (PIs) are important for everyone inside an organization, as they tell what has to be measured and what are the control limits the actual performance should be within (Flapper et al, 1995) What you measure is what you get. Senior executives understand that their organizations measurement system strongly affects the behaviour of managers and employees. Executives also understand that traditional financial accounting measures like return-on-investment and earnings-per-share can give misleading signals for continuous improvement and innovation-activities todays competitive environment (Norton Kaplan, 1992). 3.1 Theories of Motivation There is an old saying that you can take a horse to water but you cannot force it to drink, it will drink only if it is thirsty. It will only drink water if it is thirst or in other words if it is motivated to drink. Whether working in a simple restaurant or in a extremely competitive business market, they must be motivated or driven to it. Performance is understood as a function of ability and motivation. Job performance= ÃÆ'† Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (ability) (motivation) 3.1.1 Definition of Motivation A motive is a reason for doing something. Motivation is concerned with the factors that motivate people to behave in certain ways (Armstrong, 1999: pp-22). Motivation is incidental to or defined by goal directed behavior (Locke Et al, 1995). It means that motivation is concerned with strength and direction of that behavior. In other words it means that motivation takes place when people expect that an action is probable to lead to an achievement of a goal and a valued reward and will satisfy their needs and desires. Well-motivated people are therefore those with clearly defined goals who take action which they expect will achieve those goals (Armstrong, 1999: pp-22). It is undoubtedly clear that motivation affects the performance. Hence, motivation among the employee is a very crucial driving factor in a firm or an organization. The process of motivation The process of motivation can be modelled as shown in the figure below. This model is grounded on the needs of a particular person where it shows that motivation is a result of conscious of unconscious recognition of unsatisfied needs. Needs create wants, which means desire(s) to get goods or obtain something. 2. Establish Goal 1. Need 3. Take action Attain Goal (Fig 1.1 Source: Armstrong, 1993) Goals are then established which will satisfy these needs and then a action is taken in the expectation that the action will facilitation the achievement of the particular goal imagined/setup by him/her. If the goal is achieved, then the need shall be satisfied and the behavior will repeat next time when same kind of need emerges and if the goal is not achieved then the behavior or action is less likely to be repeated. This model illustrates the motivation process from a individualistic perspective. It is based on the motivational theories related to needs (achievements), goals, equity, behaviour modelling (reactance) and expectancy. It is also influenced by three concepts relating to motivation and behaviour: reinforcement (Hull, 1951), homeostasis, intrinsic and extrinsic theories. This model can be used to illustrate a process of motivation which involves setting of corporate goals that will likely be able to meet the individual and ultimately organizational needs and wants and encourage the behaviour required to achieve those goals. 3.3 Theory of Performance A generalized theory of performance does not exist. However, there are theories of performance built on specific disciplines of studies such economics, psychology etc. Organizational behaviour describes as the criterion problem. We might want to extend it to the study of HRM. Performance management is a concept that has been spreading in developing countries relative to developed countries. There are various ways of understanding PM, from different aspects like theoretical, practical etc. However most of them agree that PM is a process of optimal management and allocation of resources that will help in achieving a common goal in an organization. (Edis, 1995) argues that PM is a management process which people and their jobs to strategy and objectives of the organization. On the other hand Slater et al (1998) argue that PM is a value adding process of organizational performance. PM is defined within private sector as systematic and data oriented approach to manage peoples behaviour at work that relies of positive reinforcement as a major as a major way of optimising performance. Who are the real stake holders of performance and is performance same as outcomes? Generally performance can be seen as a company dominated criterion but outcome can be seen in a much broader sense and depends on a lot factors. These factors can be for example, environmental issues, job satisfaction, contribution towards the community or society etc. In an organizationally determined performance criterion, there might be a risk that some of these factors are ignored. PM is also defined as an integrated set of planning and review procedures, which cascades down through the organisation to provide a link between each individual and the overall strategy of the organisation (Rogers, 1994). (NAHT, 1991) describes PM as a mix of managerial strategies and techniques via which jobholders have better understanding about what the organization is trying to achieve; understand what is expect ed from their job and are provided with regular feedback on how they have been doing and have a continuous support from their managers and have an opportunity to understand, and judge their performance. PM is not just appraisal; neither is it just incentives and financial rewards. PM is a much broader concept. Performance appraisal could play a vital role in performance management but it is a part of an integrative approach, incorporating process, attitudes and behaviours that will ultimately produce effective and coherent strategies for raising levels of effective individual performance. 4. Research Methodology 4.1 Research Philosophy Different research philosophies have been seen in earlier research. In business researches broadly two different research philosophies have been classified, positivism and interpretivism. The two paradigms differ from each other in the way they answer the following questions (Figueirido Cunha, 2007). a) The ontological question enquires about what can be known; b) The epistemological question looks into what is knowledge and what knowledge can we get; c) The methodological question enquires about how we can build on that knowledge; d) The ethical question asks what is the worth, or value, of the knowledge we build. Orlikowski and Baroundi (1991 p.5) described the differences between what is traditionally viewed as positivist or interpretive as follows: Positivist studies are premised on the existence of a priori fixed relationship within phenomena which are typically investigated with structured instrumentation [ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦]positivist studies are characterized by evidence of formal propositions, quantifiable measures of variables, hypotheses testing, and the drawing of inferences about a phenomenon from the sample to a stated population [ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦] interpretative studies assume that people create and associate their own subjective and intersubjective meanings as they interact with the world around them. Interpretative researchers thus attempt to understand phenomena through accessing the meanings that participants assign to them [ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦] reject the possibility of an objective or factual account of events and situations, seeking instead a relativistic, albeit shared, understanding of phenomena Positivistic and interpretative research philosophies are so different to each other that they are almost mutually exclusive to each other in terms of Assumptions, roles of researcher and the characteristics . According to a positivistic approach the researcher is outside the gla ss and the research occurs behind the glass where the researcher observes the phenomenon without interfering it. However, the case is quite different in interpretivism which generally acknowledges the researches participation and interaction with the subject and attempt to reflect their bias as integrals to insights derived (DeLuca et al 2008) The research we are trying to undertake requires an interaction of the researcher with the subject as it requires observation of a social phenomenon. Interpretive research can help researchers to understand human thought and action in social and organizational contexts; it has the potential to produce deep insights into information systems phenomena including the management of information systems and information systems development (Klein and Myers 1999 p.67). 4.2 Approach of the study The exploratory nature of the problem makes the researcher to follow case study method. Although survey research has been very popular among the social science researchers, this kind of research may not provide a deep insight about a phenomenon. Field studies and interviews during case studies can provide richer data that that cannot be achieved via survey research method and can measure the casual effects more closely (Abrahamson, 1983). Although the research sounds more qualitative, considerations shall also be given to validity and reliability of the data. To be clear, the current research study is qualitative in nature but it shall follow both qualitative frameworks in data analysis. Data triangulation could serve as a medium to validate the data. Primary data shall be collected through questionnaires and interviews and secondary data can be collected through documentations, and other source of information, especially internet. 4.3 Qualitative and Quantitative research approach Qualitative research explores attitudes, behaviour and experiences through different methods such as interviews or focus groups. It attempts to get in-depth opinion from the participants. Since it is about attitude, behaviour or experiences, the sample size is relatively low in this kind of research. Since the research topic is also about behavioural studies, qualitative research can be quite useful in addressing the research problem. Quantitative research generates statistics through the use of large scale survey research, using tools like questionnaire or interviews (structured). This type of research involves a large number of samples, hence is believed to be highly reliable. However, this research method has been blamed to have less contact with the participants, hence less engagements, and hence shallow data, in comparison to qualitative method which is believed to draw deeper inferences. 4.4 Research tools Case study shall be done in a TESCO store to understand the performance management process in that particular organization. Semi structured Interviews along with questionnaires shall be the research tools, those of which will provide both qualitative and quantitative data. Secondary data shall also be collected via mediums like internet. Making an enquiry to learn a lesson from the expertise that practices it requires a closer integration with subject of analysis for some amount of time. Under such conditions, survey research is believed to more effective in comparison to other qualitative research methods (See Holloway, 1997). 4.5 Definition of Case study Meriam (1998) defines case study as an entity which is studied as a single unit and has clear boundaries; it is an investigation of a system, an event, a process or a programme. However the definition of case study has changed with time and disciplines of studies. It is used in varieties of qualitative and quantitative research; however in this research it describes the qualitative study. Case studies differ from other qualitative approaches because of its three distinct characteristics; specificity, boundedness and multiplicity (Holloway, Ibid, Yin Opt cited). Yin argues that an empirical inquiry is preferred when the subject is to be studied is a contemporary phenomenon with a real life situation, when boundaries between phenomenon and content are not clearly evident, and in which multiple source of evidence is used. 4.6 Why survey within a case study approach? Like in other qualitative research, a case study can just function as exploring the phenomenon in a specific context. A single case study may not always be generalizable; it is just a step towards generalization. It is wise to use number of steps towards generalization. It has been seen that researchers use number of sources in their data collection for example observation, documents and interviews etc, so that the study can be brighter and can gain a maximum validity. Observation and documentary research are the most common strategies that are used in case study research (Holloway, op.cit). However, when the purpose of the study is to understand the context of a contemporary phenomenon and extract lessons, a case study research approach can be an invaluable exploratory device (Gill and Johnson, 1997). According to Preece (1994), and Sharp Howard (1996), a case study is a complex research activity, which may combine a number of general research instruments, such as interviews, obs ervations, discussions, questionnaires, focus groups etc. 4.7 Maintenance of validity and Reliability Reliability and validity are tools of an essentially positivist epistemology. (Watling, as cited in Winter, 200, p. 7). Joppe (2000) defines reliability as: ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦The extent to which results are consistent over time and an accurate representation of the total population under study is referred to as reliability and if the results of a study can be reproduced under a similar methodology, then the research instrument is considered to be reliable. (p. 1) Joppe (2000) provides the following explanation of what validity is in quantitative research: Validity determines whether the research truly measures that which it was intended to measure or how truthful the research results are. In other words, does the research instrument allow you to hit the bulls eye of your research object? Researchers generally determine validity by asking a series of questions, and will often look for the answers in the research of others. (p. 1) The qualitative data is always in a risk of lacking validity and reliability because of its relatively smaller sample size. Hence a proper consideration should be given about how to maintain validity and reliability of a research. An invalid or unreliable research study is not of any real importance. If the validity or trustworthiness can be maximized or tested then more credible and defensible result (Johnson, 1997, p. 283) may lead to generalizability which is one of the concepts suggested by Stenbacka (2001) as the structure for both doing and documenting high quality qualitative research. Hence the quality of a research depends on generalizability and thereby trustfulness and validity of the research. Maxwell (1992) on the other hand believes that the degree to which an account is generalizable is a key factor of distinguishing qualitative and quantitative research approaches. Hence, in this sense validity in qualitative method is very specific to a test to which it is applied in qualitative research, which is Triangulation. 4.7.1 Triangulation Triangulation is typically a strategy (test) for improving the validity and reliability of research or evaluation of findings. Mathison (1988) elaborates this by saying: Triangulation has risen an important methodological issue in naturalistic and qualitative approaches to evaluation [in order to] control bias and establishing valid propositions because traditional scientific techniques are incompatible with this alternate epistemology. (p. 13) Patton (2000) argues that triangulation strengthens a study by combining methods. This can mean using several kinds of methods or data, including using both quantitative and qualitative approaches (p. 247). However there are some serious attacks on triangulation (See Barbour, 1998). She argues while mixing paradigms can be possible but mixing methods within one paradigm, such as qualitative research, is problematic since each method within the qualitative paradigm has its own assumption in terms of theoretical frameworks we bring to be ar on our research (p. 353). One of the paradigm of social research is constructivism, which views knowledge as a social process and may change within the change in circumstances. Crotty (1998) has defined constructivism from social perspective that the view that all knowledge, and therefore all meaningful reality as such, is contingent upon human practices, being constructed in and out of interaction between human beings and their world, and developed and transmitted within an essentially social context (p. 42). In any qualitative research, the aim is to engage in research that probes for deeper understanding rather than examining surface features (Johnson, 1995, p. 4) and constructivism may facilitate toward that aim. The constructivist notion, that reality is changing whether the observer wishes it or not (Hipps, 1993), is an indication of multiple or possibly diverse constructions of reality. Constructivism values the multiple realities that people have inside their mind. Hen ce different kinds of methods should be used to uncover those realities and validating the research process in such a constructive environment is highly important.

Classics of Social and Political Thought (Aristotles Politics) Who Should Rule the City - Literature Essay Samples

Aristotle contends that the good man is dissimilar to the good citizen in ways he goes a great length to illustrate. He distinguishes the two for the purpose of facilitating his later arguments concerning the appropriate allocation of sovereignty to the rightful ruler, who he subsequently claims is the good man who excels all others in each and every aspect. Aristotles distinction further prompts the notion that he advocates a monarchial form of constitution, for the rule of a single good man is equivalent to a constitution of kingship. This can be derived through the following reasoning. Aristotle is convinced that the good citizen can so be defined only in relation to the constitution he is an element of: The excellence of the citizen must be an excellence relative to the constitution (1276b16). The good man on the other hand, is a man so called in virtue of a single absolute excellence (1276b16). He further asserts that the good citizen must possess the knowledge and capacity requ isite for ruling as well as for being ruledÃâ€"a good man will also need both (1277b7~1277b16). From these conclusions of Aristotle, it is evident that the good man and the good citizen differ in the manner of their excellence, but not in their capacity for ruling or being ruled. It should therefore follow that there should not exist impediments to the ruling by the good citizen in the city as opposed to the ruling by the good man due to the fact that they are identical in their competence to rule. However, Aristotle in his later arguments, crowns the good man as ruler: in the best constitutionÃâ€"there is someone of outstanding excellence. What is to be done in that case? Nobody would say such a man ought to be banished and sent into exile. But neither would any one say that he ought to be subject to othersÃâ€"the only alternative leftÃâ€"is for all others to pay a willing obedience to the man of outstanding goodness. Such men will be permanent kings in their cities (1284b22). This passage gives rise to several deductions. Aristotle assumes the existence of the good man in the best constitution which would implicate the fact that the city in context is composed entirely or mainly, of good citizens. Drawing from the earlier conclusion that according to Aristotles logic, there should be no preference for rule to be designated to either a good man or a good citizen, there is no explanation for Aristotle to award rule to the good man over countless good citizens. The flow of logic would therefore imply that Aristotle prefers the rule of the good man despite his earlier arguments and since the rule of a single good man is the same as the constitution of kingship, he advocates the monarchy as the best form of government. This fact is reiterated in the last sentence of the passage: Such men will be permanent kings in their cities. Before arriving at the illation that the good man should rule in a city with a monarchial constitution, Aristotle lists the claims of various parts of the city that claim to merit ruling, and one by one states their faults and dismisses them. Through this process, he arrives at the rule of the good man as being the best form of rule, but he fails to consider in certain (not all) claims, various circumstances which would make his dismissal of those claims to rule, hasty and baseless, and therefore make his conclusions concerning the rule of the good man as being the best, doubtful. Aristotle considers the following parts of the city as those laying claim to rule on the basis of merit: the poor majority, the tyrant, the wealthy minority, the better sort of people, the single best man and also, not of the type of citizen but nevertheless, he examines the rule of law. The problem that arises with the rule of the poor majority, according to Aristotle, is that they would proceed to divide among themselves the possessions of the wealthy (1281aII) justified by their notion of the virtue of them being the majority. This i n his view is unjust. But the question can be asked, what if the wealth of the rich was accumulated unjustly at the cost of the poor majority from the beginning? In this instance, would it still be unjust to redistribute the wealth amongst the poor majority? The answer would surely tend to the negative, though Aristotle fails to consider this aspect of the rule of the poor majority. Furthermore, with regard to his notion that the goal of the city is the common good for all, would it not be fairer if not absolutely fair (since the rich are disadvantaged) that the majority became wealthier? Aristotle claims that the tyrants claim would also be unjust for he too uses coercion by virtue of superior power in just the same sort of way as the people coerce the wealthy (1281aII). In this case, the tyrants despotism cannot be classified as anything but unjust because he solely benefits himself and not, to even a close degree, the entirety of his subjects, the citizens. The notion of a just t yranny would be a contradiction in terms, for Aristotle claims that tyranny is the perversion of kingship, and any perversion cannot be just due to its virtue of being perverted. Therefore in this manner, Aristotles dismissal of tyranny as a good form of rule is unflawed. What of the claim of the wealthy minority that they should rule? Aristotle declines their claim on the basis that they would plunder and confiscate the property of the people (1281aII) which would plainly be unjust for the identical reason as attributed to tyranny. This further consideration can be made which Aristotle neglects. He assumes that the wealthy minority will strive for greater prosperity whence given rule, but could it not be thought that they would simply be interested in maintaining their advantage over the majority and not increasing it? If so, their rule will bring about the virtue of stability. Stability would surely benefit the city as a whole for it erases factions and revolutions. In this case, would the rule of the wealthy minority still be unjust? It would not seem so. Next, Aristotle considers the rule of the better sort. He sees a problem with this type of rule because besides the rulers, the rest of the citizens will necessarily be deprived of honor, since they will not enjoy the honor of holding civic office (1281aII). This dismissal of the claim for ruling is similar to his next consideration, the claim of the single best man. Aristotle believes that his rule would be unjust because the number of those deprived of honor is even greater (than the rule of the better sort) (1281aII). Aristotles branding of both these claims as unjust is incorrect due to his following inaccurate (not necessarily always true) assumptions: first, that the citizens would seek rule for honor, and secondly, the honor of holding civic office is only obtained through supreme rule and not through other offices such as those involving administration and judiciary functions. Keeping in mind these inaccurate assumptions that Aristotle makes, it can be viewed that the claim for the rule of the best sort and the best single man is acceptable, if not rather difficult to assert one over the other (it is asserted that the former is better than the latter in the final analysis of this paper). This is true because only in the best form of city, which is not under consideration by Aristotle at this juncture, would citizens desire office for honor, and when they did, they would not be only be content with the honor gotten by supreme rule, rather they would be content with any form of civic office, regardless of its social significance. The last claim for rule that Aristotle considers is not one made by a part of the civic body, but that of the law. He claims that while the claim of the law may appear to be desirable because it excludes human deficiencies such as the passions that beset their souls, it is ultimately not worthy due to the fact that it might incline either towards oliga rchy or towards democracy (1281aII), in which case it will be no better than all the previous claims discussed before. This notion reveals the fact that the claims dismissed by Aristotle thus far have been done so because of their nature being of democracy or oligarchy, both according to him, perversions of the pure forms of government (oligarchy being a perversion of aristocracy and democracy being a perversion of constitutional government) as no form of perversion can be just. The rule of law can be denounced in the following manner as well, which escapes Aristotles notice in this instance; because law is not set down for every possible situation, it is necessary to have a court of law to decide upon cases beyond its realm. These courts of law would invariably involve the participation of humans as judges and jury, in which case the passions that beset the human soul that is illustrated by Aristotle would come into play, and thus undermine the rule of law. Upon analysis of Aristot les various dismissals of claims for rule from various parts of the city, it can be seen that his dismissal of the claim of the poor majority, the wealthy minority, the better sort and the single best man may have been expeditious due to the stated avenues of consideration that Aristotle failed to examine, and therefore his claim that the good man should rule inferred from the initial scrutiny of his distinction between the good citizen and the good man, may be erroneous. At this point, it can be considered what alternatives there exist if as Aristotle conceived, a man of complete virtue (the good man) arose in the city. Aristotle gives thought to three possible courses of action that could be taken in this instance: first, this good man should be subject to ostracism and thus exiled from the city, second, this good man should be subject to the rule of others, and thirdly and in his opinion quite justly, the good man should be made ruler: such men will accordingly be the permanent k ings in their cities (1284b22). Aristotle definitively criticizes the policy of ostracism as he states that nobody would say that such a man ought to be banished and sent into exile (1284b22). He also condemns the notion of subordinating the good man under any form of rule in no uncertain terms, but neither would any one say that he ought to be subject to others (1284b22). Aristotle seems to be content with the justification that the good man, solely with the virtue of possessing a single absolute excellence (1276b16), should rule over others in a manner similar to his notion that if one man is stronger than all the rest, or if a group of more than one but fewer than the many, is stronger, these should be sovereign instead of the many (1283b13). However, several problems arise with Aristotles assertion that the good man should be made ruler. For example, it can be can be questioned how Aristotle defends and justifies the rule of this good man against the very faults he claimed would ascend in his dismissal of the claim of rule of the single best man, that being the problem of the civic body being deprived of honor from holding office? A possible explanation was suggested in discussion of the claim of the single good man, but it should be noted that that suggestion was not raised by Aristotle. Furthermore, he never directs his attention to the fact that the rule of a single good man would prompt widespread discontent due to the following reasoning. The best rule is one which looks out for the well being of all. Then the good man, since he is already absolutely excellent and superior to all others in the city, would look after the interests of his subjects and not his personal interests. But is a good man just when he rules over the citizens in the manner in which they wish to be ruled, in other words, in a manner in which they think is in their best interest, or is he just when he rules according to what he believes is in the best interest for the citizens, in a manner not dissimilar to that of a father ruling his young son? The answer will be found in the latter because surely the good man, by virtue of being superior to all the citizens, knows what is best for them better than they do. So if the good man were to rule in this paternal manner keeping in mind that he wishes to rule justly, would there not be discontentment among the citizens, much in the same manner as a son is discontent when his father forbids him to stay up late? If the city were to be ruled by the best of men (not a single good man), would there not be less faction and more integrity of rule in the city due to the fact that the citizens would not direct their anger toward one single ruler but to many? In this regard, wouldnt the rule of the best of men be more advantageous than the rule of the single good man? It would seem from the previous reasoning that it would be so. In essence, Aristotle has a lot to answer for his belief that a good man should solely rule over t he city. It seems that the good man, in accordance with Aristotles belief, should not be exiled from the city, for the excellence of his character is something that there is a lot to be learned from. A further alternative course of action when a good man should come into being in a city would be to make him the supreme educator of the city rather than ruler (for reasons presented as being problems of his ruling have already been discussed). The justification of the good man in becoming the supreme educator can be made in the following way. Since all absolutely excellent men (good men) arrive at their excellence through the process of education, that is, they are not innately excellent, their efforts should be directed toward the emulation of their excellence in the children of the city, for they are the ones who know best the process of becoming excellent. In this manner of education, the children (being future citizens) will grow up to become good men and good citizens, and thus th e future city will comprise of many potential rulers. The good man through education, will contribute towards the ruling of the city indirectly in such an instance, and not directly as Aristotle claims he should do.

The Assassination Of Dr. F. Kennedy Essay - 1069 Words

On November 22, 1963, the world was stunned as they watched the president’s brain be spilt in the back seat of a limousine. President John F. Kennedy was riding in a motorcade parade along Elm Street of downtown Dallas, Texas, when gunshots were heard. Instantly, bystanders were running for their lives as a gunman, or gunmen, was on the prowl. Lee Harvey Oswald, ex-marine, the perceived assassin, was accused just seconds later and captured merely an hour and a half after the search began. Oswald was to stay in Dallas for the days prior to his transfer to the county jail. Whilst in the basement of the Dallas Police Station before his transfer, just two days later, Jack Ruby was able to waltz past countless guards, through locked doors, and place a gun on the stomach of Oswald in an attempt to end his life. Soon after, the prime suspect of the biggest assassination in history was pronounced dead. So, this leads to the 50+ years long question; â€Å"Did Lee Harvey Oswald a ctually assassinate the president? Or was he a simple fall man?†. In Richard Belzer’s New York Times Best Selling Book Hit List, he utilizes a source from Richard Charnin, a control engineer/programmer for Grumman Aerospace Corporation, to edge that†¦. In the 14 years that followed the JFK assassination, there were a minimum of 70 unnatural deaths out of approximately 1,400 witnesses. The probability [of deaths]Show MoreRelatedJohn Grisham s The Pelican Brief884 Words   |  4 Pagesassassinated, which the reader can compare to other assassinations in history. With former president John F. Kennedy’s assassination, the reader can connect the political aspects of the book to a real life situation, and with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s assassination, the reader can see how sometimes your very own opinions can get you killed (Grisham). 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Chinese New Year and the Kitchen God

The Kitchen God is assigned by Yu Huang, the emperor of heaven, to watch over each family and record what they do throughout the year. A paper picture of the Kitchen God is hung in a prominent location in the kitchen. Each year during Chinese New Year, the Kitchen God returns to heaven to report on what the family has done throughout the year. The family has a thank you dinner in which a bowl of sticky rice is placed in front of the Kitchen God. It is believed that if the Kitchen God’s mouth is full of glutinous rice, he will not be able to speak about the family’s activities. Others give glutinous rice balls served in sugar soup and brown sugar bars as a bribe for the Kitchen God to say favorable things about the family. After the thank you dinner, the picture of the Kitchen God is burned and thereby sent back to heaven. A new picture of the Kitchen God is hung in the kitchen after the start of Chinese New Year festivities.

The Ethical Dilemma Of Hepatitis Sachs Disease - 1335 Words

Often times in a complex situation individuals are involved in conflicting decisions to progress to a solution. The ethical dilemma may conflict with acceptable morals or behaviors but to resolve the paradox a decision has to be made. D.B.’s parents are faced with an ethical dilemma when they discover their son has an incurable disease. They could allow the illness to take its course or seek a form of treatment to slow its progression. Ethical Dilemma D.B. was born May 30, 1999, with a condition most commonly known throughout the Eastern European Jewish community. Tay-Sachs disease is a condition caused by a lack of hexosaminidase A (Hex A) enzyme in the brain used to breakdown gangliosidosis (GM2) enzymes or the brain begins to swell,†¦show more content†¦would recover and have a chance to survive the disease. The parents made a decision for their son in hopes the odds would be in his favor. ANA Code of Ethics Provision two, four, and six are a few ethical principles relevant and applicable to the situation. The healthcare team respected the clients wishes, committed to the client’s health, took accountability for care and practice, and contributed to the healthcare environment. Provision Two: Primary commitment is to the patient, whether an individual, family, group, community, or population. Provision Four: Authority, accountability, and responsibility for nursing practice; makes decisions; and takes action consistent with the obligation to promote health and to provide optimal care. Provision Six: Through individual and collective effort, establishes, maintains, and improves the ethical environment of the work setting and condition of the employment that are conductive to safe, quality healthcare. (Hegge, 2015). Relation of the ANA Code to the Dilemma American Nurse Association Code of Ethics principles relates to the care provided for the client while under supervision of the healthcare team during their dilemma. The healthcare team establishes principles to abide by in order to provide optimal, safe, efficient care for their clients. The team successfully met the goals of the fourth provision by â€Å"making decisions and taking action consistent with the obligation to promote healthShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Prenatal Testing On Children With A Birth Defect2006 Words   |  9 PagesPrenatal testing was designed to allow a mother with a possible high risk the option to ensure the health of their unborn child with a birth defect. The testing will also detect harm to the unborn fetus if the mother was exposed to a disease or sickness. There are multiple levels of screening and testing that can be done to provide to give results to an unborn child. The screenings are safe non-invasive procedures that will detect particular bir th defects.1 The types of screenings that can be provided

What Is Basketball Without Mic Essay - 1981 Words

What is Basketball without Michael Jordan When someone says the name Michael Jordan, the first thing that might come to mind is basketball, Nike shoes, or Wheaties. Through the years Michael Jordan has proved time and time again that he is the greatest basketball player ever and by doing that he has gained tremendous popularity throughout the world. People of all ages and from all nationalities have gathered to watch him play. Even your Aunt Matilda, who might not know anything about basketball, liked watching him play,; said Daniel. He has become more than just an entertainer, he is a hero and a role model. It has been said Hes the most famous American in the World; (Daniel.) After winning his sixth National Basketball Association†¦show more content†¦Experts say that a retired athlete amp;#8211; even Jordan amp;#8211; cant compete with a guy whos still winning championships. With the sports-marketing business already in a slump, there may be no heirs to Air Jordan; (Peyser.) Even though Jordan has left the basketball court, hes not going to leave Hollywood anytime soon. There are plans being made to have Jordan star in at least two films but this time he will be acting with a real cast as apposed to the cartoon cast he starred with in Space Jam. He should play a character like James Bond,; suggests movie critic Gene Siskel, a rabid Bulls fan. Id pay to see him before Pierce Brosnan any day, wouldnt you?; Michael Jordan has made a huge impact on the NBA. He has won six NBA championships in the last eight years, ten scoring titles, enough Most Valuable Player awards to stock his own wing at the Hall of Fame,; said Tresniowski. He is by far the greatest player to ever play the game. Many believe the NBA would not be where it is without him and now that hes gone many cant imagine basketball without him. Everyone is wondering, if there ever be another Michael Jordan. The chance of someone accomplishing the same great feats as Jordan is nearly impossible in todays NBA. But that doesnt mean it wont happen. When Julius Erving left the league many people were asking the same questions. Will there ever be another Dr. J.? Jordan came along,Show MoreRelatedEssay on Prayer931 Words   |  4 PagesAfter every football game whether it is a win or a loss the two teams come together and pray. What do all of the fans do in those couple of moments? Nothing, they just stand there and watch. Instead of just standing there watching the teams pray the school should pick a certain player, hand him a mic, and let him pray over the intercom like they do when someone sings the National Anthem. This would bring both communities together, and be a humbling experience. 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Max Weber free essay sample

Max Weber was a 19th century German sociologist and one of the founders of modern sociology. He wrote The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism in 1905. Max Weber was a precocious child, born in Germany in 1864. He went to university and became a professor, but suffered a mental breakdown in 1897 that left him unable to work for five years. In 1905 he published his most famous work, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. He returned to teaching in 1918 and died in 1920. He is considered the father of modern sociology. Max Weber was born on April 21, 1864. His father, Max Weber Sr. , was a politically active lawyer with a penchant for â€Å"earthly pleasures,† while his mother, Helene Fallenstein Weber, preferred a more ascetic lifestyle. The conflicts this created in their marriage acutely influenced Max. Still, their house was full of prominent intellectuals and lively discourse, an environment in which Weber thrived. Growing up, he was bored with school and disdained his teachers, but devoured classic literature on his own. After graduating from high school, Weber studied law, history,  philosophy and economics for three semesters at Heidelberg University before spending a year in the military. When he resumed his studies in 1884, he went to the University of Berlin and spent one semester at Gottingen. He passed the bar exam in 1886 and earned his Ph. D. in 1889, ultimately completing his habitation thesis, which allowed him to obtain a position in academia. Weber married a distant cousin, Marianne Schnitger, in 1893. He got a job teaching economics at Freiburg University the following year, before returning to Heidelberg in 1896 as a professor. In 1897, Marx had a falling out with his father, which went unresolved. After his father died in 1897, Weber suffered a mental breakdown. He was plagued by depression, anxiety and insomnia, which made it impossible for him to teach. He spent the next five years in and out of sanatoriums. When Weber was finally able to resume working in 1903, he became an editor at a prominent social science journal. In 1904, he was invited to deliver a lecture at the Congress of Arts and Sciences in St. Louis, Missouri. He saw America as a country stripped of its morality and divorced from its religious foundation. To Weber, it was further supporting evidence for his most famous essays, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. These essays, published in 1904 and 1905, discussed his idea that the rise of modern capitalism was attributable to Protestantism, particularly Calvinism. After a stint volunteering in the medical service during World War I, Weber published three more books on religion in a sociological context. These works, The Religion of China (1916), The Religion of India (1916) and Ancient Judaism (1917-1918), contrasted their respective religions and cultures with that of the Western world by weighing the importance of economic and religious factors, among others, on historical outcomes. Weber resumed teaching in 1918. He intended to publish additional volumes on Christianity and Islam, but he contracted the Spanish flu and died in Munich on June 14, 1920. His manuscript of Economy and Society was left unfinished; it was edited by his wife and published in 1922. Views and Contribution Max Weber, German sociologist. Weber first describes the concept of bureaucracy which is an ideal form of organizational structure. He defines bureaucratic administration as the exercise of control on the basis of knowledge. Weber states, â€Å"Power is principally exemplified within organizations by the process of control†. Weber uses and defines the terms authority and power as: Power: any relationship within which one person could impose his will, regardless of any resistance from the other. Authority: existed when there was a belief in the legitimacy of that power. Weber classifies organizations according to the legitimacy of their power and uses three basic classifications: Charismatic Authority: based on the sacred or outstanding characteristic of the individual. Traditional Authority: essentially a respect for customs. Rational Legal Authority: based on a code or set of rules. Weber recognizes that rational legal authority is used in the most efficient form of organization because: A legal code can be established which can claim obedience from members of the organization. The law is a system of abstract rules which are applied to particular cases and administration looks after the interests of the organization within the limits of that law. The manager or the authority additionally follows the impersonal order. Membership is key to law obedience. Obedience is derived not from the person administering the law, but rather to the impersonal order that installed the person’s authority. Weber outlined his ideal bureaucracy as defined by the following parameters: A continuous system of authorized jobs maintained by regulations. Specialization: encompasses a defined â€Å"sphere of competence,† based on its divisions of labor A stated chain of command of offices: a consistent organization of supervision based on distinctive levels of authority Rules: an all encompassing system of directives which govern behavior: rules may require training to comprehend and manage Impersonality: no partiality, either for or against, clients, workers, or administrators Free selection of appointed officials: equal opportunity based on education and professional qualification Full-time paid officials: only or major employment; paid on the basis of position Career officials: promotion based on seniority and merit; designated by supervisors Private/Public split: separates business and private life The finances and interests of the two should be kept firmly apart: the resources of the organization are quite distinct from those of the members as private individuals.

Instructional Strategies MDT Company

Question: Discuss about theInstructional Strategiesfor MDT Company. Answer: Introduction Instructional design program is used by the trainers to providing training to personnel helps in occurrence of interactive participation of the learners during the program. This helps them to remember the information in an effective manner (Archer Hughes, 2011). This report emphasizes on the analysis of the instructional design and strategies used by the MDT company to provide training to sales managers across Asia related to the new product named as V-LOC a suture. This facilitates sales people to convince customers to buy the product. Analysis of the Instructional Design An instructional design plan is formulated by the companies in Asia to provide appropriate training to a group of learners consists of sales manager across Asia. The main purpose of instructional framework is to provide coherent understanding of the training session to sales managers who provide training to their subordinates. The instructional design consists of various steps that would be implemented to provide training to sales managers in the train the trainer workshop in Singapore. The different steps involved in the instructional training include analyze, design, develop, implement and evaluate. In the analyze step, there will be an analysis of the attributes and goals of the trainers. For providing effective training to the trainers there is a need to analyze the key characteristics and drawbacks of the learners. This facilitates in gaining knowledge to conduct the training program in an effective manner. This also helps in the understanding of the existing attributes of the l earners support the training procedures in an effective manner (Gagne, 2013). After gaining information on the attributes of the learners and their support to the training procedures, the next step is to design the instructional training program in two broad steps i.e. the formation of the learning objectives and the desired outcome of the training program. It is essential for the trainer to collect different resources such as learning material for the purpose of providing learning to the trainers in an effective manner. The objectives of the trainer can be achieved by constructing or enabling a learning atmosphere by the trainers. After this, the trainer implements the training program in order to fulfill the objectives of the trainers. Without the implementation of the training program, the objectives cannot be achieved in a proper manner (Schwager, 2012). Under this step feedback is received from the learners on the basis of which, the learners are shifted to new training lessons. At last, the training program is evaluated on the basis of different factors such as difficulties faced by the learners and their reaction towards the training program. This facilitates in gaining information related to the outcome of the training program is fruitful or not. It is essential for the trainers to create different instructions for different learners as they differ from each other in terms of their learning needs at three levels i.e. capabilities of learners, job or task and organization. There is an occurrence of variations in the skill set and background of the sales managers (Sternberg Davidson, 2005). It is essential for the trainers to identify some characteristics which are common among the learners in order to increase the effectiveness of the training program. There is an existence of variation in the analytical skills of the learners along with the language barriers as the language used is not the mother tongue of the learners. Besides this, the learners are motivated and interested in learning and gaining information related to the new product as this information will be passed or shared with customers which in turn results in increasing the sales and profits of the company. Along with this, some of the learners find difficulty in memorizing the specifications and components of the new product. In addition to this, the learners or the sales people have a belief that the new product named V-LOC will results in improving the life of surgeons and patients which motivate them to attend the workshop (Morrison, et al. 2010). In addition to this, there is an occurrence of meetings in which strategic planning sessions are carried out and views and opinions of different sales person is shared among themselves which helps in enhancing the knowledge base of the sales people (Zimmerman Schunk, 2014). Critical Justification of the Strategies The strategies adopted by the MDT to train the sales people regarding V-LOC product is categorize in four strategies namely concept, attitudes, cognitive strategies and verbal information. It is essential for the trainers to provide information related to the products offered by competitors and different activities pursued by the competitors. Along with this, the information related to the product and market situation is also shared with the learners by the way of lecture as it helps in motivating the learners to attend the workshop as they analyze that they will be benefitted by the training program organized by the company (Reigeluth Chellman, 2009). This also facilitates them to gain information related to the importance of the workshop to them. This strategy is useful as it provides information related to different types of sutures used in different markets. This facilitates learners to make comparison between the sutures used in different countries with the new suture named as V-LOC introduced by the company in terms of quality, features, benefits and prices. Besides this, this strategy also facilitates in providing information about the new product in terms of its features, and benefits. This help the sales person to persuade surgeons to use the product which results in increasing the sales revenue of the company. It is essential for the sales people to express their views and opinions related to the product to customers (Palloff Pratt, 2011). For this purpose, mnemonics will be used that helps the learners to remember the key features and benefits of the product. The sales people have to remember a large amount of information and data which is communicated to the customer for the purpose of convincing them to purchase the product. Therefore mnemonics is an effective strategy to be implemented by the trainers so that learners can remember the vital information related to the product in an effective manner. Another strategy that is adopted by the trainers is scripted role play which helps in building confidence in the sales persons to provide information related to the product to customers (Laurence Matthews, 2012). This strategy help learners to increase their willingness to acquire knowledge related to the new product. The role play is scripted because it help learners to observe the way of the trainer in providing information to the customers in an effective manner. It help the learner to analyze the behavior to be maintained by the sales people in front of the customer while providing information related to V-LOC to the customer. In addition to this, in order to boost the morale of the learners and handling and overcoming the problems faced by the learners is done by conducting frequently asked questions session. These sessions facilitates in resolving the doubts and increase the confidence level of the learners. This method also helps in increasing the learning, recalling and thinking power of the learners (Clark, 2011). This strategy is useful as the learners have various doubts misconceptions and questions which can be resolved by the trainer after providing training to the sales people. Under this strategy, the learners are provided with 20 minutes to ask their questions so that they can convince the customers to buy the product by providing them the information related to the specifications and features of the product which cannot be provided by its competitors. This facilitates in increasing the willingness of the customers to pay premium price for the product which results in an increase in the sales revenue of the company. These strategies are supplantive in nature (Karahan, et al. 2014). But the use of generative strategies help managers to gather information and skills related to the new product on their own as it facilitates in occurrence of the learning among the learners in a natural manner. In these strategies, the learners have an interest to learn new information and the trainer play a role of facilitator. The strategy that can be used to provide information related to the new product is through demonstration. The learners can observe the method through which the V-LOC can be applied to the patients by the surgeons, the sales managers are also excited to gather knowledge regarding the new product as it facilitates in increasing the sales revenue of the company. This strategy also facilitates in engaging learners to share their views and opinions with other sales person which results in continuous learning in the organization (Khan, 2001). In this strategy, it is requisite to gain attention of the sales person in order to provide training to them related to a new product launched by the company. The sales people are highly motivated to gain knowledge regarding the new product as there is a use of new technology in the product which results in attracting large number of customers and aids in increasing the sales and profits of the company. After motivating the employees, there is a need of providing the overview of the training program to the sales persons. It is also essential for the trainers to provide demonstration of the working and benefits of the new product to the sales people (Konschak, 2003). This facilitates in providing all the relevant information regarding the product to the sales people which is used by them for the purpose of convincing the customers. In addition to this, there is also a necessity to supervise the activities of the sales people by the sales manager by going with them to the customers to convince them to purchase and use the product. In this way, the activities performed by the sales people are evaluated for the purpose of evaluation of the effectiveness of the training program (American Society for Training and Develo, 2006). There is a necessity to make a balance between supplantive and generative strategies as it facilitates in providing effective training to the learners. The adoption of these strategies helps in providing in-depth knowledge of the product to the learners so that they can communicate the information related to the features and benefits to the customers that are unique and differentiate it from the competitors (Romiszowski, 2016). Critical Justification of Instructional Event The goal of the instructional event is to provide training to the sales people across Asia related to the new product launched by MDT named V-LOC. Besides this, there are various objectives of the instructional event such as Provision of the information related to the features of the product Investigation of the benefits of the use of the V-LOC product by the surgeons The different strategies used for the purpose of providing training include lectures, mnemonics, role play and frequently asked questions. The different assessment options include the sales of the product to customers, increase in the number of customers, increase in the demand for the products. These strategies facilitates in providing in-depth knowledge of the product to sales people. Such strategies are useful as it help learners to remember large data and information that can be provided to customers in order to persuade them to purchase the product. Provision of the training program related to the new product helps in gaining attention of the learners towards the training program (Jol, 2012). When sales people get to know that the training program emphasizes on the new product that have been launched by the company which results in an increase in the sales revenue, they are highly motivated to attend the training program. In order to provide information related to the market trends of suture product, the products offered by its competitors, and comparison of the features and benefits of the product with the products offered by the competitors is given by the use of lectures and mnemonics. In addition to this, along with the lecture, there is also a necessity of the use of visuals and the information in the form of tables and figures results in remembering the information in an effective manner (Biech, 2011). Lecture is an effective strategy as it helps in providing information related to intrinsic interest of a subject in an enthusiastic manner. This strategy helps in providing information to large number of learners. These are appealing to those learners who learn through listening. It helps in providing large amount of information to the learners. This strategy also helps in providing information related to different questions and problems faced by the learners. The use of mnemonics helps in recalling the information provided by the trainers in an effective manner. In this strategy, the information is provided by the use of pictorial representation of the information such as graphs, tables, videos and so on (Reigeluth, 2013). Along with this, the other strategy used for providing information related to the new product is the role playing. This strategy demonstrated the skills required to communicate the information related to the new product to its potential customers. These help learners to have a look towards convincing the customer to buy the product. In addition to this, the learners or the sales people can also use their communication style to convince the customers in an effective manner. Besides this, at the end of the training session, adequate time is given to the learners to clarify their doubts and problems they think they face while providing information to its customers. There is an existence of a positive relationship between the instructional event and the strategies adopted to provide information to the learners. The training program has a timeline of 2 months (Bean, 2014). In this training program, there is also a use of on the job training as it facilitates in evaluating the success of the training program provided to learners. The training program is considered successful if there is an increase in the number of customers of the company to purchase the V-LOC suture. Besides this, this product is becoming more profitable and there is an increase in the sales of the product in the market. This indicates that sales people are successful in convincing its customers to purchase the product. For the purpose of effective implementation of instructional training program, there is a requirement of various resources such as projector, training manuals which is distributed to sales managers and information regarding the working of the product. Conclusion It can be concluded that the MDT has launched a new product named V-LOC for which the training is provided to the sales managers across Asia. This is because, it is made by the use of new technology which is helpful for the surgeons in the operation theater. This training is provided to the sales managers to provide them information related to the features, benefits and market scenario so that sales manager can provide answers to different questions raised by the customers in order to achieve high level of customer satisfaction. For the provision of training different strategies are adopted by the trainers such as lectures, mnemonics, role play and frequently asked questions so that the information provided is retained by the sales people in an effective manner. This is essential as it helps them to provide useful information to the customers in order to increase the sales and profits of the company. References American Society for Training and Develo. (2006). Instructional Systems Development. American Society for Training and Development. Archer, A.L. Hughes, C.A. (2011). Explicit Instruction: Effective and Efficient Teaching. Guilford Press. Bean, C. (2014). The Accidental Instructional Designer: Learning Design for the Digital Age. 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