Classics of Social and Political Thought (Aristotles Politics) Who Should Rule the City - Literature Essay Samples

Aristotle contends that the good man is dissimilar to the good citizen in ways he goes a great length to illustrate. He distinguishes the two for the purpose of facilitating his later arguments concerning the appropriate allocation of sovereignty to the rightful ruler, who he subsequently claims is the good man who excels all others in each and every aspect. Aristotles distinction further prompts the notion that he advocates a monarchial form of constitution, for the rule of a single good man is equivalent to a constitution of kingship. This can be derived through the following reasoning. Aristotle is convinced that the good citizen can so be defined only in relation to the constitution he is an element of: The excellence of the citizen must be an excellence relative to the constitution (1276b16). The good man on the other hand, is a man so called in virtue of a single absolute excellence (1276b16). He further asserts that the good citizen must possess the knowledge and capacity requ isite for ruling as well as for being ruledÃâ€"a good man will also need both (1277b7~1277b16). From these conclusions of Aristotle, it is evident that the good man and the good citizen differ in the manner of their excellence, but not in their capacity for ruling or being ruled. It should therefore follow that there should not exist impediments to the ruling by the good citizen in the city as opposed to the ruling by the good man due to the fact that they are identical in their competence to rule. However, Aristotle in his later arguments, crowns the good man as ruler: in the best constitutionÃâ€"there is someone of outstanding excellence. What is to be done in that case? Nobody would say such a man ought to be banished and sent into exile. But neither would any one say that he ought to be subject to othersÃâ€"the only alternative leftÃâ€"is for all others to pay a willing obedience to the man of outstanding goodness. Such men will be permanent kings in their cities (1284b22). This passage gives rise to several deductions. Aristotle assumes the existence of the good man in the best constitution which would implicate the fact that the city in context is composed entirely or mainly, of good citizens. Drawing from the earlier conclusion that according to Aristotles logic, there should be no preference for rule to be designated to either a good man or a good citizen, there is no explanation for Aristotle to award rule to the good man over countless good citizens. The flow of logic would therefore imply that Aristotle prefers the rule of the good man despite his earlier arguments and since the rule of a single good man is the same as the constitution of kingship, he advocates the monarchy as the best form of government. This fact is reiterated in the last sentence of the passage: Such men will be permanent kings in their cities. Before arriving at the illation that the good man should rule in a city with a monarchial constitution, Aristotle lists the claims of various parts of the city that claim to merit ruling, and one by one states their faults and dismisses them. Through this process, he arrives at the rule of the good man as being the best form of rule, but he fails to consider in certain (not all) claims, various circumstances which would make his dismissal of those claims to rule, hasty and baseless, and therefore make his conclusions concerning the rule of the good man as being the best, doubtful. Aristotle considers the following parts of the city as those laying claim to rule on the basis of merit: the poor majority, the tyrant, the wealthy minority, the better sort of people, the single best man and also, not of the type of citizen but nevertheless, he examines the rule of law. The problem that arises with the rule of the poor majority, according to Aristotle, is that they would proceed to divide among themselves the possessions of the wealthy (1281aII) justified by their notion of the virtue of them being the majority. This i n his view is unjust. But the question can be asked, what if the wealth of the rich was accumulated unjustly at the cost of the poor majority from the beginning? In this instance, would it still be unjust to redistribute the wealth amongst the poor majority? The answer would surely tend to the negative, though Aristotle fails to consider this aspect of the rule of the poor majority. Furthermore, with regard to his notion that the goal of the city is the common good for all, would it not be fairer if not absolutely fair (since the rich are disadvantaged) that the majority became wealthier? Aristotle claims that the tyrants claim would also be unjust for he too uses coercion by virtue of superior power in just the same sort of way as the people coerce the wealthy (1281aII). In this case, the tyrants despotism cannot be classified as anything but unjust because he solely benefits himself and not, to even a close degree, the entirety of his subjects, the citizens. The notion of a just t yranny would be a contradiction in terms, for Aristotle claims that tyranny is the perversion of kingship, and any perversion cannot be just due to its virtue of being perverted. Therefore in this manner, Aristotles dismissal of tyranny as a good form of rule is unflawed. What of the claim of the wealthy minority that they should rule? Aristotle declines their claim on the basis that they would plunder and confiscate the property of the people (1281aII) which would plainly be unjust for the identical reason as attributed to tyranny. This further consideration can be made which Aristotle neglects. He assumes that the wealthy minority will strive for greater prosperity whence given rule, but could it not be thought that they would simply be interested in maintaining their advantage over the majority and not increasing it? If so, their rule will bring about the virtue of stability. Stability would surely benefit the city as a whole for it erases factions and revolutions. In this case, would the rule of the wealthy minority still be unjust? It would not seem so. Next, Aristotle considers the rule of the better sort. He sees a problem with this type of rule because besides the rulers, the rest of the citizens will necessarily be deprived of honor, since they will not enjoy the honor of holding civic office (1281aII). This dismissal of the claim for ruling is similar to his next consideration, the claim of the single best man. Aristotle believes that his rule would be unjust because the number of those deprived of honor is even greater (than the rule of the better sort) (1281aII). Aristotles branding of both these claims as unjust is incorrect due to his following inaccurate (not necessarily always true) assumptions: first, that the citizens would seek rule for honor, and secondly, the honor of holding civic office is only obtained through supreme rule and not through other offices such as those involving administration and judiciary functions. Keeping in mind these inaccurate assumptions that Aristotle makes, it can be viewed that the claim for the rule of the best sort and the best single man is acceptable, if not rather difficult to assert one over the other (it is asserted that the former is better than the latter in the final analysis of this paper). This is true because only in the best form of city, which is not under consideration by Aristotle at this juncture, would citizens desire office for honor, and when they did, they would not be only be content with the honor gotten by supreme rule, rather they would be content with any form of civic office, regardless of its social significance. The last claim for rule that Aristotle considers is not one made by a part of the civic body, but that of the law. He claims that while the claim of the law may appear to be desirable because it excludes human deficiencies such as the passions that beset their souls, it is ultimately not worthy due to the fact that it might incline either towards oliga rchy or towards democracy (1281aII), in which case it will be no better than all the previous claims discussed before. This notion reveals the fact that the claims dismissed by Aristotle thus far have been done so because of their nature being of democracy or oligarchy, both according to him, perversions of the pure forms of government (oligarchy being a perversion of aristocracy and democracy being a perversion of constitutional government) as no form of perversion can be just. The rule of law can be denounced in the following manner as well, which escapes Aristotles notice in this instance; because law is not set down for every possible situation, it is necessary to have a court of law to decide upon cases beyond its realm. These courts of law would invariably involve the participation of humans as judges and jury, in which case the passions that beset the human soul that is illustrated by Aristotle would come into play, and thus undermine the rule of law. Upon analysis of Aristot les various dismissals of claims for rule from various parts of the city, it can be seen that his dismissal of the claim of the poor majority, the wealthy minority, the better sort and the single best man may have been expeditious due to the stated avenues of consideration that Aristotle failed to examine, and therefore his claim that the good man should rule inferred from the initial scrutiny of his distinction between the good citizen and the good man, may be erroneous. At this point, it can be considered what alternatives there exist if as Aristotle conceived, a man of complete virtue (the good man) arose in the city. Aristotle gives thought to three possible courses of action that could be taken in this instance: first, this good man should be subject to ostracism and thus exiled from the city, second, this good man should be subject to the rule of others, and thirdly and in his opinion quite justly, the good man should be made ruler: such men will accordingly be the permanent k ings in their cities (1284b22). Aristotle definitively criticizes the policy of ostracism as he states that nobody would say that such a man ought to be banished and sent into exile (1284b22). He also condemns the notion of subordinating the good man under any form of rule in no uncertain terms, but neither would any one say that he ought to be subject to others (1284b22). Aristotle seems to be content with the justification that the good man, solely with the virtue of possessing a single absolute excellence (1276b16), should rule over others in a manner similar to his notion that if one man is stronger than all the rest, or if a group of more than one but fewer than the many, is stronger, these should be sovereign instead of the many (1283b13). However, several problems arise with Aristotles assertion that the good man should be made ruler. For example, it can be can be questioned how Aristotle defends and justifies the rule of this good man against the very faults he claimed would ascend in his dismissal of the claim of rule of the single best man, that being the problem of the civic body being deprived of honor from holding office? A possible explanation was suggested in discussion of the claim of the single good man, but it should be noted that that suggestion was not raised by Aristotle. Furthermore, he never directs his attention to the fact that the rule of a single good man would prompt widespread discontent due to the following reasoning. The best rule is one which looks out for the well being of all. Then the good man, since he is already absolutely excellent and superior to all others in the city, would look after the interests of his subjects and not his personal interests. But is a good man just when he rules over the citizens in the manner in which they wish to be ruled, in other words, in a manner in which they think is in their best interest, or is he just when he rules according to what he believes is in the best interest for the citizens, in a manner not dissimilar to that of a father ruling his young son? The answer will be found in the latter because surely the good man, by virtue of being superior to all the citizens, knows what is best for them better than they do. So if the good man were to rule in this paternal manner keeping in mind that he wishes to rule justly, would there not be discontentment among the citizens, much in the same manner as a son is discontent when his father forbids him to stay up late? If the city were to be ruled by the best of men (not a single good man), would there not be less faction and more integrity of rule in the city due to the fact that the citizens would not direct their anger toward one single ruler but to many? In this regard, wouldnt the rule of the best of men be more advantageous than the rule of the single good man? It would seem from the previous reasoning that it would be so. In essence, Aristotle has a lot to answer for his belief that a good man should solely rule over t he city. It seems that the good man, in accordance with Aristotles belief, should not be exiled from the city, for the excellence of his character is something that there is a lot to be learned from. A further alternative course of action when a good man should come into being in a city would be to make him the supreme educator of the city rather than ruler (for reasons presented as being problems of his ruling have already been discussed). The justification of the good man in becoming the supreme educator can be made in the following way. Since all absolutely excellent men (good men) arrive at their excellence through the process of education, that is, they are not innately excellent, their efforts should be directed toward the emulation of their excellence in the children of the city, for they are the ones who know best the process of becoming excellent. In this manner of education, the children (being future citizens) will grow up to become good men and good citizens, and thus th e future city will comprise of many potential rulers. The good man through education, will contribute towards the ruling of the city indirectly in such an instance, and not directly as Aristotle claims he should do.

The Assassination Of Dr. F. Kennedy Essay - 1069 Words

On November 22, 1963, the world was stunned as they watched the president’s brain be spilt in the back seat of a limousine. President John F. Kennedy was riding in a motorcade parade along Elm Street of downtown Dallas, Texas, when gunshots were heard. Instantly, bystanders were running for their lives as a gunman, or gunmen, was on the prowl. Lee Harvey Oswald, ex-marine, the perceived assassin, was accused just seconds later and captured merely an hour and a half after the search began. Oswald was to stay in Dallas for the days prior to his transfer to the county jail. Whilst in the basement of the Dallas Police Station before his transfer, just two days later, Jack Ruby was able to waltz past countless guards, through locked doors, and place a gun on the stomach of Oswald in an attempt to end his life. Soon after, the prime suspect of the biggest assassination in history was pronounced dead. 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Chinese New Year and the Kitchen God

The Kitchen God is assigned by Yu Huang, the emperor of heaven, to watch over each family and record what they do throughout the year. A paper picture of the Kitchen God is hung in a prominent location in the kitchen. Each year during Chinese New Year, the Kitchen God returns to heaven to report on what the family has done throughout the year. The family has a thank you dinner in which a bowl of sticky rice is placed in front of the Kitchen God. It is believed that if the Kitchen God’s mouth is full of glutinous rice, he will not be able to speak about the family’s activities. Others give glutinous rice balls served in sugar soup and brown sugar bars as a bribe for the Kitchen God to say favorable things about the family. After the thank you dinner, the picture of the Kitchen God is burned and thereby sent back to heaven. A new picture of the Kitchen God is hung in the kitchen after the start of Chinese New Year festivities.

The Ethical Dilemma Of Hepatitis Sachs Disease - 1335 Words

Often times in a complex situation individuals are involved in conflicting decisions to progress to a solution. The ethical dilemma may conflict with acceptable morals or behaviors but to resolve the paradox a decision has to be made. D.B.’s parents are faced with an ethical dilemma when they discover their son has an incurable disease. They could allow the illness to take its course or seek a form of treatment to slow its progression. Ethical Dilemma D.B. was born May 30, 1999, with a condition most commonly known throughout the Eastern European Jewish community. Tay-Sachs disease is a condition caused by a lack of hexosaminidase A (Hex A) enzyme in the brain used to breakdown gangliosidosis (GM2) enzymes or the brain begins to swell,†¦show more content†¦would recover and have a chance to survive the disease. The parents made a decision for their son in hopes the odds would be in his favor. ANA Code of Ethics Provision two, four, and six are a few ethical principles relevant and applicable to the situation. The healthcare team respected the clients wishes, committed to the client’s health, took accountability for care and practice, and contributed to the healthcare environment. Provision Two: Primary commitment is to the patient, whether an individual, family, group, community, or population. Provision Four: Authority, accountability, and responsibility for nursing practice; makes decisions; and takes action consistent with the obligation to promote health and to provide optimal care. Provision Six: Through individual and collective effort, establishes, maintains, and improves the ethical environment of the work setting and condition of the employment that are conductive to safe, quality healthcare. (Hegge, 2015). Relation of the ANA Code to the Dilemma American Nurse Association Code of Ethics principles relates to the care provided for the client while under supervision of the healthcare team during their dilemma. The healthcare team establishes principles to abide by in order to provide optimal, safe, efficient care for their clients. The team successfully met the goals of the fourth provision by â€Å"making decisions and taking action consistent with the obligation to promote healthShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Prenatal Testing On Children With A Birth Defect2006 Words   |  9 PagesPrenatal testing was designed to allow a mother with a possible high risk the option to ensure the health of their unborn child with a birth defect. The testing will also detect harm to the unborn fetus if the mother was exposed to a disease or sickness. There are multiple levels of screening and testing that can be done to provide to give results to an unborn child. The screenings are safe non-invasive procedures that will detect particular bir th defects.1 The types of screenings that can be provided

What Is Basketball Without Mic Essay - 1981 Words

What is Basketball without Michael Jordan When someone says the name Michael Jordan, the first thing that might come to mind is basketball, Nike shoes, or Wheaties. Through the years Michael Jordan has proved time and time again that he is the greatest basketball player ever and by doing that he has gained tremendous popularity throughout the world. People of all ages and from all nationalities have gathered to watch him play. Even your Aunt Matilda, who might not know anything about basketball, liked watching him play,; said Daniel. He has become more than just an entertainer, he is a hero and a role model. It has been said Hes the most famous American in the World; (Daniel.) After winning his sixth National Basketball Association†¦show more content†¦Experts say that a retired athlete amp;#8211; even Jordan amp;#8211; cant compete with a guy whos still winning championships. With the sports-marketing business already in a slump, there may be no heirs to Air Jordan; (Peyser.) Even though Jordan has left the basketball court, hes not going to leave Hollywood anytime soon. There are plans being made to have Jordan star in at least two films but this time he will be acting with a real cast as apposed to the cartoon cast he starred with in Space Jam. He should play a character like James Bond,; suggests movie critic Gene Siskel, a rabid Bulls fan. Id pay to see him before Pierce Brosnan any day, wouldnt you?; Michael Jordan has made a huge impact on the NBA. He has won six NBA championships in the last eight years, ten scoring titles, enough Most Valuable Player awards to stock his own wing at the Hall of Fame,; said Tresniowski. He is by far the greatest player to ever play the game. Many believe the NBA would not be where it is without him and now that hes gone many cant imagine basketball without him. Everyone is wondering, if there ever be another Michael Jordan. 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Max Weber free essay sample

Max Weber was a 19th century German sociologist and one of the founders of modern sociology. He wrote The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism in 1905. Max Weber was a precocious child, born in Germany in 1864. He went to university and became a professor, but suffered a mental breakdown in 1897 that left him unable to work for five years. In 1905 he published his most famous work, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. He returned to teaching in 1918 and died in 1920. He is considered the father of modern sociology. Max Weber was born on April 21, 1864. His father, Max Weber Sr. , was a politically active lawyer with a penchant for â€Å"earthly pleasures,† while his mother, Helene Fallenstein Weber, preferred a more ascetic lifestyle. The conflicts this created in their marriage acutely influenced Max. Still, their house was full of prominent intellectuals and lively discourse, an environment in which Weber thrived. Growing up, he was bored with school and disdained his teachers, but devoured classic literature on his own. After graduating from high school, Weber studied law, history,  philosophy and economics for three semesters at Heidelberg University before spending a year in the military. When he resumed his studies in 1884, he went to the University of Berlin and spent one semester at Gottingen. He passed the bar exam in 1886 and earned his Ph. D. in 1889, ultimately completing his habitation thesis, which allowed him to obtain a position in academia. Weber married a distant cousin, Marianne Schnitger, in 1893. He got a job teaching economics at Freiburg University the following year, before returning to Heidelberg in 1896 as a professor. In 1897, Marx had a falling out with his father, which went unresolved. After his father died in 1897, Weber suffered a mental breakdown. He was plagued by depression, anxiety and insomnia, which made it impossible for him to teach. He spent the next five years in and out of sanatoriums. When Weber was finally able to resume working in 1903, he became an editor at a prominent social science journal. In 1904, he was invited to deliver a lecture at the Congress of Arts and Sciences in St. Louis, Missouri. He saw America as a country stripped of its morality and divorced from its religious foundation. To Weber, it was further supporting evidence for his most famous essays, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. These essays, published in 1904 and 1905, discussed his idea that the rise of modern capitalism was attributable to Protestantism, particularly Calvinism. After a stint volunteering in the medical service during World War I, Weber published three more books on religion in a sociological context. These works, The Religion of China (1916), The Religion of India (1916) and Ancient Judaism (1917-1918), contrasted their respective religions and cultures with that of the Western world by weighing the importance of economic and religious factors, among others, on historical outcomes. Weber resumed teaching in 1918. He intended to publish additional volumes on Christianity and Islam, but he contracted the Spanish flu and died in Munich on June 14, 1920. His manuscript of Economy and Society was left unfinished; it was edited by his wife and published in 1922. Views and Contribution Max Weber, German sociologist. Weber first describes the concept of bureaucracy which is an ideal form of organizational structure. He defines bureaucratic administration as the exercise of control on the basis of knowledge. Weber states, â€Å"Power is principally exemplified within organizations by the process of control†. Weber uses and defines the terms authority and power as: Power: any relationship within which one person could impose his will, regardless of any resistance from the other. Authority: existed when there was a belief in the legitimacy of that power. Weber classifies organizations according to the legitimacy of their power and uses three basic classifications: Charismatic Authority: based on the sacred or outstanding characteristic of the individual. Traditional Authority: essentially a respect for customs. Rational Legal Authority: based on a code or set of rules. Weber recognizes that rational legal authority is used in the most efficient form of organization because: A legal code can be established which can claim obedience from members of the organization. The law is a system of abstract rules which are applied to particular cases and administration looks after the interests of the organization within the limits of that law. The manager or the authority additionally follows the impersonal order. Membership is key to law obedience. Obedience is derived not from the person administering the law, but rather to the impersonal order that installed the person’s authority. Weber outlined his ideal bureaucracy as defined by the following parameters: A continuous system of authorized jobs maintained by regulations. Specialization: encompasses a defined â€Å"sphere of competence,† based on its divisions of labor A stated chain of command of offices: a consistent organization of supervision based on distinctive levels of authority Rules: an all encompassing system of directives which govern behavior: rules may require training to comprehend and manage Impersonality: no partiality, either for or against, clients, workers, or administrators Free selection of appointed officials: equal opportunity based on education and professional qualification Full-time paid officials: only or major employment; paid on the basis of position Career officials: promotion based on seniority and merit; designated by supervisors Private/Public split: separates business and private life The finances and interests of the two should be kept firmly apart: the resources of the organization are quite distinct from those of the members as private individuals.

Instructional Strategies MDT Company

Question: Discuss about theInstructional Strategiesfor MDT Company. Answer: Introduction Instructional design program is used by the trainers to providing training to personnel helps in occurrence of interactive participation of the learners during the program. This helps them to remember the information in an effective manner (Archer Hughes, 2011). This report emphasizes on the analysis of the instructional design and strategies used by the MDT company to provide training to sales managers across Asia related to the new product named as V-LOC a suture. This facilitates sales people to convince customers to buy the product. Analysis of the Instructional Design An instructional design plan is formulated by the companies in Asia to provide appropriate training to a group of learners consists of sales manager across Asia. The main purpose of instructional framework is to provide coherent understanding of the training session to sales managers who provide training to their subordinates. The instructional design consists of various steps that would be implemented to provide training to sales managers in the train the trainer workshop in Singapore. The different steps involved in the instructional training include analyze, design, develop, implement and evaluate. In the analyze step, there will be an analysis of the attributes and goals of the trainers. For providing effective training to the trainers there is a need to analyze the key characteristics and drawbacks of the learners. This facilitates in gaining knowledge to conduct the training program in an effective manner. This also helps in the understanding of the existing attributes of the l earners support the training procedures in an effective manner (Gagne, 2013). After gaining information on the attributes of the learners and their support to the training procedures, the next step is to design the instructional training program in two broad steps i.e. the formation of the learning objectives and the desired outcome of the training program. It is essential for the trainer to collect different resources such as learning material for the purpose of providing learning to the trainers in an effective manner. The objectives of the trainer can be achieved by constructing or enabling a learning atmosphere by the trainers. After this, the trainer implements the training program in order to fulfill the objectives of the trainers. Without the implementation of the training program, the objectives cannot be achieved in a proper manner (Schwager, 2012). Under this step feedback is received from the learners on the basis of which, the learners are shifted to new training lessons. At last, the training program is evaluated on the basis of different factors such as difficulties faced by the learners and their reaction towards the training program. This facilitates in gaining information related to the outcome of the training program is fruitful or not. It is essential for the trainers to create different instructions for different learners as they differ from each other in terms of their learning needs at three levels i.e. capabilities of learners, job or task and organization. There is an occurrence of variations in the skill set and background of the sales managers (Sternberg Davidson, 2005). It is essential for the trainers to identify some characteristics which are common among the learners in order to increase the effectiveness of the training program. There is an existence of variation in the analytical skills of the learners along with the language barriers as the language used is not the mother tongue of the learners. Besides this, the learners are motivated and interested in learning and gaining information related to the new product as this information will be passed or shared with customers which in turn results in increasing the sales and profits of the company. Along with this, some of the learners find difficulty in memorizing the specifications and components of the new product. In addition to this, the learners or the sales people have a belief that the new product named V-LOC will results in improving the life of surgeons and patients which motivate them to attend the workshop (Morrison, et al. 2010). In addition to this, there is an occurrence of meetings in which strategic planning sessions are carried out and views and opinions of different sales person is shared among themselves which helps in enhancing the knowledge base of the sales people (Zimmerman Schunk, 2014). Critical Justification of the Strategies The strategies adopted by the MDT to train the sales people regarding V-LOC product is categorize in four strategies namely concept, attitudes, cognitive strategies and verbal information. It is essential for the trainers to provide information related to the products offered by competitors and different activities pursued by the competitors. Along with this, the information related to the product and market situation is also shared with the learners by the way of lecture as it helps in motivating the learners to attend the workshop as they analyze that they will be benefitted by the training program organized by the company (Reigeluth Chellman, 2009). This also facilitates them to gain information related to the importance of the workshop to them. This strategy is useful as it provides information related to different types of sutures used in different markets. This facilitates learners to make comparison between the sutures used in different countries with the new suture named as V-LOC introduced by the company in terms of quality, features, benefits and prices. Besides this, this strategy also facilitates in providing information about the new product in terms of its features, and benefits. This help the sales person to persuade surgeons to use the product which results in increasing the sales revenue of the company. It is essential for the sales people to express their views and opinions related to the product to customers (Palloff Pratt, 2011). For this purpose, mnemonics will be used that helps the learners to remember the key features and benefits of the product. The sales people have to remember a large amount of information and data which is communicated to the customer for the purpose of convincing them to purchase the product. Therefore mnemonics is an effective strategy to be implemented by the trainers so that learners can remember the vital information related to the product in an effective manner. Another strategy that is adopted by the trainers is scripted role play which helps in building confidence in the sales persons to provide information related to the product to customers (Laurence Matthews, 2012). This strategy help learners to increase their willingness to acquire knowledge related to the new product. The role play is scripted because it help learners to observe the way of the trainer in providing information to the customers in an effective manner. It help the learner to analyze the behavior to be maintained by the sales people in front of the customer while providing information related to V-LOC to the customer. In addition to this, in order to boost the morale of the learners and handling and overcoming the problems faced by the learners is done by conducting frequently asked questions session. These sessions facilitates in resolving the doubts and increase the confidence level of the learners. This method also helps in increasing the learning, recalling and thinking power of the learners (Clark, 2011). This strategy is useful as the learners have various doubts misconceptions and questions which can be resolved by the trainer after providing training to the sales people. Under this strategy, the learners are provided with 20 minutes to ask their questions so that they can convince the customers to buy the product by providing them the information related to the specifications and features of the product which cannot be provided by its competitors. This facilitates in increasing the willingness of the customers to pay premium price for the product which results in an increase in the sales revenue of the company. These strategies are supplantive in nature (Karahan, et al. 2014). But the use of generative strategies help managers to gather information and skills related to the new product on their own as it facilitates in occurrence of the learning among the learners in a natural manner. In these strategies, the learners have an interest to learn new information and the trainer play a role of facilitator. The strategy that can be used to provide information related to the new product is through demonstration. The learners can observe the method through which the V-LOC can be applied to the patients by the surgeons, the sales managers are also excited to gather knowledge regarding the new product as it facilitates in increasing the sales revenue of the company. This strategy also facilitates in engaging learners to share their views and opinions with other sales person which results in continuous learning in the organization (Khan, 2001). In this strategy, it is requisite to gain attention of the sales person in order to provide training to them related to a new product launched by the company. The sales people are highly motivated to gain knowledge regarding the new product as there is a use of new technology in the product which results in attracting large number of customers and aids in increasing the sales and profits of the company. After motivating the employees, there is a need of providing the overview of the training program to the sales persons. It is also essential for the trainers to provide demonstration of the working and benefits of the new product to the sales people (Konschak, 2003). This facilitates in providing all the relevant information regarding the product to the sales people which is used by them for the purpose of convincing the customers. In addition to this, there is also a necessity to supervise the activities of the sales people by the sales manager by going with them to the customers to convince them to purchase and use the product. In this way, the activities performed by the sales people are evaluated for the purpose of evaluation of the effectiveness of the training program (American Society for Training and Develo, 2006). There is a necessity to make a balance between supplantive and generative strategies as it facilitates in providing effective training to the learners. The adoption of these strategies helps in providing in-depth knowledge of the product to the learners so that they can communicate the information related to the features and benefits to the customers that are unique and differentiate it from the competitors (Romiszowski, 2016). Critical Justification of Instructional Event The goal of the instructional event is to provide training to the sales people across Asia related to the new product launched by MDT named V-LOC. Besides this, there are various objectives of the instructional event such as Provision of the information related to the features of the product Investigation of the benefits of the use of the V-LOC product by the surgeons The different strategies used for the purpose of providing training include lectures, mnemonics, role play and frequently asked questions. The different assessment options include the sales of the product to customers, increase in the number of customers, increase in the demand for the products. These strategies facilitates in providing in-depth knowledge of the product to sales people. Such strategies are useful as it help learners to remember large data and information that can be provided to customers in order to persuade them to purchase the product. Provision of the training program related to the new product helps in gaining attention of the learners towards the training program (Jol, 2012). When sales people get to know that the training program emphasizes on the new product that have been launched by the company which results in an increase in the sales revenue, they are highly motivated to attend the training program. In order to provide information related to the market trends of suture product, the products offered by its competitors, and comparison of the features and benefits of the product with the products offered by the competitors is given by the use of lectures and mnemonics. In addition to this, along with the lecture, there is also a necessity of the use of visuals and the information in the form of tables and figures results in remembering the information in an effective manner (Biech, 2011). Lecture is an effective strategy as it helps in providing information related to intrinsic interest of a subject in an enthusiastic manner. This strategy helps in providing information to large number of learners. These are appealing to those learners who learn through listening. It helps in providing large amount of information to the learners. This strategy also helps in providing information related to different questions and problems faced by the learners. The use of mnemonics helps in recalling the information provided by the trainers in an effective manner. In this strategy, the information is provided by the use of pictorial representation of the information such as graphs, tables, videos and so on (Reigeluth, 2013). Along with this, the other strategy used for providing information related to the new product is the role playing. This strategy demonstrated the skills required to communicate the information related to the new product to its potential customers. These help learners to have a look towards convincing the customer to buy the product. In addition to this, the learners or the sales people can also use their communication style to convince the customers in an effective manner. Besides this, at the end of the training session, adequate time is given to the learners to clarify their doubts and problems they think they face while providing information to its customers. There is an existence of a positive relationship between the instructional event and the strategies adopted to provide information to the learners. The training program has a timeline of 2 months (Bean, 2014). In this training program, there is also a use of on the job training as it facilitates in evaluating the success of the training program provided to learners. The training program is considered successful if there is an increase in the number of customers of the company to purchase the V-LOC suture. Besides this, this product is becoming more profitable and there is an increase in the sales of the product in the market. This indicates that sales people are successful in convincing its customers to purchase the product. For the purpose of effective implementation of instructional training program, there is a requirement of various resources such as projector, training manuals which is distributed to sales managers and information regarding the working of the product. Conclusion It can be concluded that the MDT has launched a new product named V-LOC for which the training is provided to the sales managers across Asia. This is because, it is made by the use of new technology which is helpful for the surgeons in the operation theater. This training is provided to the sales managers to provide them information related to the features, benefits and market scenario so that sales manager can provide answers to different questions raised by the customers in order to achieve high level of customer satisfaction. For the provision of training different strategies are adopted by the trainers such as lectures, mnemonics, role play and frequently asked questions so that the information provided is retained by the sales people in an effective manner. This is essential as it helps them to provide useful information to the customers in order to increase the sales and profits of the company. References American Society for Training and Develo. (2006). Instructional Systems Development. American Society for Training and Development. Archer, A.L. Hughes, C.A. (2011). Explicit Instruction: Effective and Efficient Teaching. Guilford Press. Bean, C. (2014). The Accidental Instructional Designer: Learning Design for the Digital Age. 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